Transilvania University of Brasov Chemistry Department

General Chemistry Course

Titular: CS III Dr. Elena IENEI

First point 1. What its chemistry? 2. Material and chemistry

Atoms and molecules 1. Electronic structure of the atom 2. Chemistry bounds

Quantitative aspects (chemistry of the solution) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Chemistry reactions Reactions with protons transfer Reactions with electrons transfer Aqueous solutions Reactions with ligands fixation Chemistry kinetic Chemistry analytic
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Course 1
Chemistry: the central science

Chemistry can be "central" in a much more personal way: with a solid background in Chemistry, you will find it far easier to migrate into other fields as your interests develop.

Chemistry is the study of substances; their properties, structure, and the changes they undergo.

Matter 1.1 Matter states 1.2 Atoms, molecules and ions 1.3 Mole

Properties of Materials

Matter

describe materials by listing their properties chemical properties vs. physical properties . intensive properties vs. extensive properties . Chemical properties Measurement of a chemical property involves a chemical change Chemical change = change in which matter changes from one form to another or to other forms, through a chemical reaction Example: What is in the picture? It isnt the iron: Fe

It isnt Oxigen: O
It is.RUST Fe2O3 4Fe + 3O2 = 2Fe2O3
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Properties of Materials Physical properties

Matter

A physical change is one in which the shape, size, appearance or state, of a substance may alter, but its chemical composition remains same. No new substance is formed. It is usually a change, which is reversible. By reversing the process, the original substance can be obtained.

Examples properties color, boiling temperature,

of physical are density, point, volume, and mass.

Properties of Materials Intensive properties

Matter

A property that does not change when the amount of sample changes. Examples are density, pressure, temperature, color. Extensive properties A property that changes when the amount of matter in a sample changes. Examples are mass, volume, shape, length, and charge. Example: Color Mass

States of Matter Gas Liquid Solid

low density high density high density easy to expand/compress hard to expand/compress hard to expand/compress fills container takes shape of container rigid shape

A phase is a region with homogeneous (uniform) properties conversions between states are called "phase transitions" or "changes of state"

Phase transformation: physics or chemistry? E.g.: water, universal solvent Water molecules are formed from two hydrogen atoms bounded with an oxygen atom by covalent bounds. The water molecules are partially charged, inducing a dipol moment.

Covalent bonds

Water molecules in gaseous phase

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Partial charged atoms form the molecule interacts with the neighbor molecules, forming slim (low energy) bounds called hydrogen bounds.
Hydrogen bound

Energy:

So, isolated water molecules in gas phases have different properties comparing with the liquid phase.
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Water in liquid phase Hydrogen bounds: 80%

Ice (water in solid phase) Hydrogen bounds: 100%

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Classification of matter

Heterogeneous mixture: Mixtures that are not uniform are called heterogeneous. An example of a heterogeneous mixture is a mixture of water and oil. If a small sample is taken, it may not be the same as another small sample taken from elsewhere in the mixture. This is because oil and water do not mix well--they give a nonuniform mixture. Blood, protoplasm, milk, chocolate, smoke, and chicken soup are examples of heterogeneous mixtures. Homogeneous mixture: Mixtures that are uniform throughout are called homogeneous. An example of a homogeneous mixture is a solution of sugar in water. Any small part of this solution would exhibit the same properties as any other small part; therefore, it would be uniform throughout the mixture.

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Salt water is a homogenius mixture. Chocolate milk is a heterogeneous mixture Why? If you wait long enough, the chocolate will all fall to the bottom of the milk, right? But the salt will never fall to the bottom of the water. Its stable.

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Classification of matter

Element: Elements are substances that cannot be separated into two or more types of matter by physical or chemical methods. Another way to say this is that elements consist of only one type of atom.

An atom is a chemical building block and can be defined as the smallest part
of an element that remains unchanged during any chemical reaction and exhibits or displays the chemical properties of that element.

Examples of common elements are oxygen, gold, iron, mercury, hydrogen, and carbon.

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Elements

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 The elements, their names, and symbols are given on the PERIODIC TABLE How many elements are there?

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The Periodic Table

Dmitri Mendeleev (1834 - 1907)

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 CHEMICAL ELEMENTS pure substances that cannot be decomposed by ordinary means to other substances.

Aluminum Sodium Bromine

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Classification of matter

Compound: A compound is a material formed from elements chemically combined in definite proportions by mass. Ex: H2O, NaCl

elements - not chemically decomposable into other elements - properties do not vary
compounds - elements combined chemically in law of definite proportions - properties do not vary

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Elements and compounds

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CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS

CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS are composed of atoms and so can be decomposed to those atoms.

A water molecule is a chemical compound, consisting of two parts hydrogen and one part oxygen.

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CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS

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Compounds

composed of 2 or more elements in a fixed ratio

properties differ from those of individual elements

EX: table salt (NaCl)

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A molecule A MOLECULE is the smallest unit of a compound that retains the chemical characteristics of the compound. Composition of molecules is given by a MOLECULAR FORMULA H 2O C8H10N4O2 - caffeine

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Classification of matter

Element: Elements are substances that cannot be separated into two or more types of matter by physical or chemical methods. Another way to say this is that elements consist of only one type of atom.

An atom is a chemical building block and can be defined as the smallest part
of an element that remains unchanged during any chemical reaction and exhibits or displays the chemical properties of that element.

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ATOM - COMPOSITION

The atom is mostly empty space

protons and neutrons in the nucleus the number of electrons is equal to the number of protons. electrons in space around the nucleus.

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ATOMIC COMPOSITION

Protons (p+) + electrical charge mass = 1.672623 x 10-24 g relative mass = 1.007 atomic mass units (amu) but we can round to 1 Electrons (e-) negative electrical charge relative mass = 0.0005 amu but we can round to 0 Neutrons (no) no electrical charge mass = 1.009 amu but we can round to 1

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Atomic number The atomic number of an element, Z, is equal to the number of protons which defines the element. For example, all carbon atoms contain 6 protons in their nucleus; so the atomic number "Z" of carbon is 6. Carbon atoms may have different numbers of neutrons, which are known as isotopes of the element. The number of protons in the atomic nucleus also determines its electric charge, which in turn determines the electrons of the atom in its non-ionized state. This in turn (by means of the Pauli exclusion principle) determines the atom's various chemical properties. So all carbon atoms, for example, ultimately have identical chemical properties because they all have the same number of protons in their nucleus, and therefore have the same atomic number. It is for this reason that atomic number rather than mass number (or atomic weight) is considered the identifying characteristic of an element.
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Atomic Number, Z

All atoms of the same element have the same number of protons in the nucleus, Z
Neutrons (N) (N = A Z = 14 - 7 = 7)

Mass Number (A) (protons + neutrons) Atomic Number (Z), (protons)

14 7

N
Atomic Symbol

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Atomic mass

The mass number of an element, A, is the number of nucleons (protons and neutrons) in the atomic nucleus.
Different isotopes of a given element are distinguished by their mass numbers, which are conventionally written as a super-index on the left hand side of the atomic symbol (e.g., 238U). The relative atomic mass of an element is the average of the atomic masses of all the chemical element's isotopes as found in a particular environment, weighted by isotopic abundance, relative to the atomic mass unit (u). This number may be a fraction which is not close to a whole number, due to the averaging process. On the other hand, the atomic mass of a pure isotope is quite close to its mass number.

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 C atom with 6 protons and 6 neutrons is the mass standard = 12 atomic mass units Atomic mass (A) = # protons + # neutrons NOT on the periodic table(it is the AVERAGE atomic mass on the table) A boron atom can have A = 5 p + 5 n = 10 amu

A Z

10 5

B
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Isotopes

Atoms of the same element (same Z) but different mass number (A). Boron-10 (10B) has 5 p and 5 n Boron-11 (11B) has 5 p and 6 n

11B

10B
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Isotopes Two isotopes of sodium.

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Counting Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

Protons: Atomic Number (from periodic table)

Neutrons: Mass Number minus the number of protons (mass number is protons and neutrons because the mass of electrons is negligible)
Electrons: If its an atom, the protons and electrons must be the SAME so that it is has a net charge of zero (equal numbers of + and -) If it does NOT have an equal number of electrons, it is not an atom, it is an ION. For each negative charge, add an extra electron. For each positive charge, subtract an electron (Dont add a proton!!! That changes the element!)

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Exercise

Naturally occurring carbon consists of three isotopes, 12C, 13C, and 14C. State the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in each of these carbon atoms. 12C 13C 14C
6 6 6

#p+ _______
#no _______ #e_______

_______
_______ _______

_______
_______ _______

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Answers

12C
6

13C
6

14C
6

#p+ #no #e-

6 6 6

6 7 6

6 8 6

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Learning Check

An atom has 14 protons and 20 neutrons. A. Its atomic number is 1) 14 2) 16 B. Its mass number is 1) 14 C. D. The element is 1) Si 2) 16

3) 34
3) 34

2) Ca

3) Se

Another isotope of this element is 1) 34X 2) 34X 3) 36X

16 14 14

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IONS IONS are atoms or groups of atoms with a positive or negative charge. Taking away an electron from an atom gives a CATION with a positive charge Adding an electron to an atom gives an ANION with a negative charge. To tell the difference between an atom and an ion, look to see if there is a charge in the superscript! Examples: Na+ Ca+2 I- O-2 Na Ca I O

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Forming cations and anions

A CATION forms when an atom loses one or more electrons.

An ANION forms when an atom gains one or more electrons

Mg --> Mg2+ + 2 eIn general

F + e- --> F-

metals (Mg) lose electrons ---> cations nonmetals (F) gain electrons ---> anions
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Learning Check

State the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in each of these ions. 39 K+ 16O -2 41Ca +2
19 8 20

#p+ #no #e-

______ ______ ______

______ ______ ______

_______ _______ _______

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One Last Learning Check

Write the nuclear symbol form for the following atoms or ions: A. 8 p+, 8 n, 8 eB. 17p+, 20n, 17e___________ ___________ ___________

C. 47p+, 60 n, 46 e-

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Charges on Common Ions

+1

-3 -2 -1

+2

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AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS

11B

10B

Because of the existence of isotopes, the mass of a collection of atoms has an average value. Boron is 20% 10B and 80% 11B. That is, 11B is 80 percent abundant on earth. For boron atomic weight = 0.20 (10 amu) + 0.80 (11 amu) = 10.8 amu
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Isotopes & Average Atomic Mass

Because of the existence of isotopes, the mass of a collection of atoms has an average value.

6Li

= 7.5% abundant and 7Li = 92.5%

= 92.23%,
29Si

Avg. Atomic mass of Li = ______________

28Si

= 4.67%,

30Si

= 3.10%

Avg. Atomic mass of Si = ______________

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Mole
Definition: Moles (mol) represent amounts of substances in the unit of Avogadro's number (6.022x1023) of atoms and molecules.

The mole is a very important unit for chemical reactions, so is the skill to convert masses in g to mol. The number of moles of a substance in a sample is the mass in g divided by the molar mass gives the amount in moles.

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Amounts of substances in various units

Amounts of substances are measured in units of mass (g or kg), volume (L) and mole (mol).
Unit interconversions are based on the definitions of the units, and converting amounts from g or kg into mol is based on atomic masses of the elements. Atomic masses are the masses of one mole of elements. A mole of any element has an Avogadro's number of atoms (= 6.02x1023 atoms per mole). Masses of one mole of substances are called molecular weights. Atomic and molecular weights are called molar masses.

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Learning Check

1. What are the molar masses of the element hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), iron (Fe) and gold (Au)?
2. The element gold is a precious metal. How many moles of gold are present in a mass of 1.0 kg? 3. A liter of water has a mass of 1.0 kg. How many moles of water are 1.0 kg? 4. At standard temperature and pressure, a mole of gas occupies 22.4 L. If 20% of air is oxygen, how many moles of oxygen are contained in 1.0 L. 5. How many moles of Fe2O3 are present in 1000 kg of the oxide? Atomic weights: Fe, 55.8, O, 16.0.

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