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Groundwater Hydraulics
Daene C. McKinney
Summary
Linear Transport Laws Properties NAPLS Darcys Law
Darcys Experiment Specific Discharge Average Velocity Validity of Darcys Law
Hydraulic Conductivity
Permeability
Vertical Flow
dV dx
J DA
dC dx
Darcys Law
Water flow through an aquifer. Conservation of Momentum: Determined experimentally by Darcy, it can be derived from the Navier-Stokes equations Like: Fourier's law, Ohm's law, or Fick's law Darcy's law (conservation of momentum) and the continuity equation (conservation of mass) are used to derive the groundwater flow equation
Properties
Fluid
Density () = mass per unit volume Specific weight (gg) = weight per unit volume Specific gravity (SG=/w) = ratio of fluid density to that of water Viscosity (m) = resistance of fluid to yield to shear when it is in motion
Porous Medium
Storage Properties (porosity, particle size, elasticity) Transmissive Properties (conductivity)
Dense NAPLs
More dense than water Chlorinated hydrocarbons Trichloroethylene-TCE TetrachloroethylenePCE Density increases with increasing halogenation
Density difference between water and NAPL of 1% can influence flow Low viscosity NAPLs migrate more rapidly than high viscosity NAPLs
Darcy
http://biosystems.okstate.edu/Darcy/
/echo.epfl.ch/VICAIRE/
Darcys Experiment
P1/g
hL
L P2/g v
Q
z1 Sand column Datum plane Q z2
Darcys Experiments
Flow through sand filters Discharge (Q) proportional to
Area, A Head drop, h1-h2 Inverse of length, L
QA
h1 h2 L
h h2 h1
q Q h K A L
Groundwater Velocity
Specific discharge
Darcy velocity
Q = flow A = total cross-sectional area through which flow occurs
Q A
Average velocity
Q A
+ z1
Energy is lost in the flow through the porous medium due to friction Energy equation Neglect velocity terms Flow is always from higher head to lower head
2 V12 p1 V2 p + + z1 = + 2 + z 2 + hL 2g g 2g g
Hydraulic Conductivity
A combined property of the medium and the fluid Ease with which fluid moves through the medium
K k
k g = = = =
g m
Porous medium property Fluid properties Water vs NAPL Water vs Air
Summary
Linear Transport Laws Properties NAPLS Darcys Law
Darcys Experiment Specific Discharge Average Velocity Validity of Darcys Law
q Q A
Q A
NR =
rqd10 m
g m
K k
Hydraulic Conductivity
Permeability