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0 Primary Neutral-to-Earth Voltage (PNEV) 0 Voltage measured between the utility primary neutral and an earth reference point which is generally a ground rod placed specifically for this purpose 0 Secondary Neutral-to-Earth Voltage (SNEV) 0 Voltage measured between the farms secondary neutral and an earth reference point which is generally a ground rod placed specifically for this purpose.
STAR Energy Services, LLC Alexandria, Minnesota tel 320.762.1697 fax 320.762.1479 alhaman@star-energy.com
Terms
0 Stray Voltage 0 Difference in voltage measured between two surfaces that may be contacted simultaneously by an animal* [cow contact areas] 0 Isolation 0 Separation of the primary neutral from the secondary neutral through the use of an approved isolation device 0 Isolation Device 0 Piece of equipment which is accepted by the National Electrical Safety Code for purpose of isolation
*Effects of Electrical Voltage/Current on Farm Animals: How to Detect and Remedy Problems; US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD; December 1991; Page 9-4
STAR Energy Services, LLC Alexandria, Minnesota tel 320.762.1697 fax 320.762.1479 alhaman@star-energy.com
other spots off farm 0 SNEV is measured at spots within the secondary system on the farm
0 Could be utility-owned or consumer-owned
0 Could fall under NESC or NEC jurisdiction
Field Connections
Utility
Barn Transformer
Isolator
STAR Energy Services, LLC Alexandria, Minnesota tel 320.762.1697 fax 320.762.1479 alhaman@star-energy.com
separate PNEV and SNEV at the transformer location during low (less than 10 volts) voltage levels 0 Is SNEV present in cow-contact areas? 0 Measurements should be made to determine voltage levels in cow contact areas
0 Initial inspection 0 Chart recordings taken over a several-hour period
STAR Energy Services, LLC Alexandria, Minnesota tel 320.762.1697 fax 320.762.1479 alhaman@star-energy.com
Stray Voltage
0 All animals are affected by current flow, not voltage.
However, current flow has historically been difficult to measure, which is why voltage has become the standard. 0 Stray voltage (as defined by USDA) will exist on all farms. The investigator must properly measure the magnitude and interpret results.
STAR Energy Services, LLC Alexandria, Minnesota tel 320.762.1697 fax 320.762.1479 alhaman@star-energy.com
Source: Stray Voltage Detection A Self-Help Guide, Wisconsin Farm Electric Council
STAR Energy Services, LLC Alexandria, Minnesota tel 320.762.1697 fax 320.762.1479 alhaman@star-energy.com
upon frequency of the power source R+jX 0 Studies have shown impedance of a dairy cow can be reduced to the resistance component of the complex variable
STAR Energy Services, LLC Alexandria, Minnesota tel 320.762.1697 fax 320.762.1479 alhaman@star-energy.com
situations STAR chooses 500 as level of interest 0 University studies yield typical cow behaviors for varying levels of current passed through the body STAR chooses 1 mA as level of interest
0 V=500 x 1 mA
V=0.5 V
STAR Energy Services, LLC Alexandria, Minnesota tel 320.762.1697 fax 320.762.1479 alhaman@star-energy.com
through research 0 Voltage is the variable quantity and must be investigated at each farm and its cow contact areas 0 Many unique characteristics of the farm and myriad of variables can make this challenging
STAR Energy Services, LLC Alexandria, Minnesota tel 320.762.1697 fax 320.762.1479 alhaman@star-energy.com
production involves changes in behavior1 [dairy cows] 0 Electrical current cannot directly cause infections2 [mastitis] 0 Numerous causes of behavioral changes and physiological changes in animals3
Effects of Electrical Voltage/Current on Farm Animals: How to Detect and Remedy Problems; US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD; December 1991: 1Page 1-4 2Page 3-2 3Page 3-2
STAR Energy Services, LLC Alexandria, Minnesota tel 320.762.1697 fax 320.762.1479 alhaman@star-energy.com
behavioral characteristics of the animals, management practices, electrical incidents and other items of interest 0 Initial inspection using a digital multi-meter, measure PNEV, SNEV, and cow contact areas with the farmer present 0 Examine farm wiring for NEC compliance
STAR Energy Services, LLC Alexandria, Minnesota tel 320.762.1697 fax 320.762.1479 alhaman@star-energy.com
Overnight Recording
0 Test Setup 0 PNEV and SNEV 0 Cow contact areas selected by the investigator based upon experience and the farmer interview 0 This recording period may be more than one day in length
STAR Energy Services, LLC Alexandria, Minnesota tel 320.762.1697 fax 320.762.1479 alhaman@star-energy.com
STAR Energy Services, LLC Alexandria, Minnesota tel 320.762.1697 fax 320.762.1479 alhaman@star-energy.com
Off-Farm Items
0 Primary neutral has a high resistance 0 Poor neutral connectors, specifically bolted connectors 0 Poor neutral grounding in immediate area, need more and deeper ground rods 0 Underground cable with bare concentric neutral 0 Primary neutral return current is high 0 Load balancing on three-phase circuits 0 Undersized neutral conductor; on a typical system, about 1/3 of return current flows on the neutral conductor
STAR Energy Services, LLC Alexandria, Minnesota tel 320.762.1697 fax 320.762.1479 alhaman@star-energy.com
Other Things
0 Items of concern on neighboring secondary services
can cause hard to find NEV conditions 0 The isolation device is bypassed by another utility 0 The isolation device is defective
STAR Energy Services, LLC Alexandria, Minnesota tel 320.762.1697 fax 320.762.1479 alhaman@star-energy.com
STAR Energy Services, LLC Alexandria, Minnesota tel 320.762.1697 fax 320.762.1479 alhaman@star-energy.com
Items to Remember
0 Build trust with the farmer
0 Stray voltage, as defined by USDA, will be found on the
farm 0 Stray voltage research is voluminous 0 Use NESC and NEC experts to investigate and interpret measurements 0 Implement recommendations of the experts
STAR Energy Services, LLC Alexandria, Minnesota tel 320.762.1697 fax 320.762.1479 alhaman@star-energy.com
STAR Energy Services, LLC Alexandria, Minnesota tel 320.762.1697 fax 320.762.1479 alhaman@star-energy.com
voltage inquiry 0 Single point of contact must return call in timely fashion 0 Follow a prepared procedure once in the field 0 Get the results back to the farmer in a timely fashion 0 Make reasonable accommodations 0 FOLLOW THE RECOMMENDATIONS!!!!
STAR Energy Services, LLC Alexandria, Minnesota tel 320.762.1697 fax 320.762.1479 alhaman@star-energy.com
Questions?
STAR Energy Services, LLC Alexandria, Minnesota tel 320.762.1697 fax 320.762.1479 alhaman@star-energy.com