Battery motor system with a fan

Figure-1
.

Baked Potato

Surrounding T1 System (baked potato) T2 T2 > T1

Figure-2

Observation: In both figures 1 & 2, there is an energy transfer between the system and surrounding. In figure 1, the system comprising of battery and motor is raising the weight. This is ,in effect , a force acting through a distance. Therefore work is done on the surrounding by the system. In figure 2, the system comprising of a baked potato will eventually get cooled to the surrounding temperature due to heat energy from the baked potato to the surrounding.

Energy transfer across the boundary is taking place in two distinct forms- heat and work.
Heat is defined as the form of energy that is transferred between two systems ( or a system and its surroundings) by virtue of a temperature difference. Work is said to be done by a system if the sole effect on things external to the system can be reduced to the raising of a weight. The weight may not be actually be raised but the net effect external to the system would be the raising of weight.

Weight is replaced by a fan

Figure-3

The weight is raised with the pulley driven by a motor.

Sign convention

Heat

Surrounding System Work

Surrounding
Heat System Work

Work is positive Heat is negative

Work is Negative Heat is positive

Boundary work/P dV work

Cylinder

Stops

Sand grains

P, V

P1=P-dP, V1=V+dV Piston

P2=P1-dP, V2=V1+dV

Pn,Vn

Gas

W = Force X distance = (Pressure x area) x distance = P ( A Z ) = P dV For a process 1-2 , W1-2 = PdV

It is assumed the system moves through equilibrium states ( 1,2,..n) and there is no friction between the piston and cylinder.

Representation of expansion work in PV plot.

The area under the process curve on a PV diagram is equal, in magnitude, to the work done during a quasi-equilibrium process of a closed system.

Vn

Work is a path function

Choose the correct answer: a) b) c) d)

Pdv work in various quasi static processes a) Process in which pressure is constant ( isobaric process) W1-2= PdV = P(V2-V1)

b) Process in which volume is constant( isochoric process) W1-2= PdV =0

c) Process in which PV = C W1-2 = PV l n ( V2/V1) d) Process in which PV n = C (poly tropic constant) Work done W1-2 = (P2V2-P1V1)/(1-n) n 1

When the gas is considered as ideal gas, the above equation become
Work done W1-2 = mR(T2-T1)/(1-n)

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Boundary work or P dV at constant pressure (isobaric process ) A frictionless pistoncylinder device contains 5 kg of steam at 400 kPa and 200 deg C. Heat is now transferred to the steam until the temperature reaches 250 deg C. If the piston is not attached to a shaft and its mass is constant, determine the work done by the steam during this process. Represent the process in the P-V diagram and discuss

Steam M= 5 kg P1= 400 kPa, T1= 200 Deg C T2= 250 Deg C

Heat Sp. Vol v1= 0.5343 m3/kg Sp. Vol v2 = 0.5952 m3/kg

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Boundary work for a constant volume process (isochoric process)

Air P1= 500 kPa T1= 150 Deg C

Heat

P2= 400 KPa T2= 65 Deg C

A rigid tank contains air at 500 kPa and 150C. As a result of heat transfer to the surroundings, the temperature and pressure inside the tank drop to 65C and 400 kPa, respectively. Determine the boundary work done during this process.

A rigid tank Class activity: To represent the process in the P-V diagram and discuss

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Isothermal compression of an ideal gas

A pistoncylinder device initially contains 0.4 m3 of air at 100 k Pa and 80C. The air is now compressed to 0.1 m3 in such a way that the temperature inside the cylinder remains constant. Determine the work done during this process.

Air is compressed at T0=80 deg C V1=0.4 m3 P1= 100 kPa V2= 0.1 m3
For ideal gas at constant temperature, PV=mRT0

Workdone = PV ln ( V /V ) 2 1

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