Phylum Arthropoda - Chapter 33

The Phylum Arthropoda is the most successful of all phyla.

It surpasses all other phyla in:

1. ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________

2. _______________________________________________ _________________________________________________

Phylum Arthropoda
Arthropods are important to parasitologists as:

1. _____________________________________- mites (scabies)

2. _____________________________________ - grain beetles (Hymenolepis), fleas (Dipylidium), copepods (Diphyllobothrium, Dracunculus) 3. ___________________- mosquitoes (malaria, filarial worms), blackflies (river blindness), tsetse flies (African trypanosomiasis), reduviid bugs (Chagas Disease), etc.

Phylum Arthropoda
Arthropod intermediate hosts and vectors serve to transmit

1.

2.

3.

Characteristics of the Phylum Arthropoda

1. __________________________ 2. __________________________- body consists of segments (metameres) fused into functional units 3. ___________________________________ - allow for great movement 4. ___________________________________- composed of chitin; growth involves molting 5. well-developed nervous system, digestive system, & excretory system

Characteristics of the Phylum Arthropoda

6. ___________________________________ - coelom serves as a hemocoel to collect blood from the tissues 7. respiratory system developed for gas exchange 8. most arthropods are ________________________ copulatory appendages present

Groups of Arthropods
Three major groups of importance to parasitologists: ______________________________ - ectoparasites of fish; intermediate hosts

______________________________ - ticks and mites

_____________________________- lice, fleas, bugs, and flies

Ticks - Chapter 40
Taxonomy: Phylum Arthropoda Class Arachnida Order Acari (=Acarina) Important as ectoparasites and as vectors of several human diseases. Body consists of 2 regions: 1. Capitulum ______________________________

2. Idiosoma - contains
_________________________

Capitulum of a Tick
Capitulum consists of: 1. pedipalps - _________________________________________

2. chelicerae - _________________________________________
3. hypostome - ________________________________________ 4. mouth - between chelicerae and hypostome

5. basis capituli - ______________________________________

Capitulum of a Tick

Tick capitulum

SEM of tick hyposome showing teeth; this is why ticks are so hard to pull out!

Idiosoma of a Tick
Contains all internal organs Nymphs and adults have 4 pairs of legs; larvae with 3 pairs of legs. Dorsally, a _____________________________________ is present covers entire dorsum in males covers anterior part only in females ____________________________________ invaginations of the posterior margin - present in some, lacking in others (taxonomic character)

Characteristics of Ticks
1. ______________________________________ 2. __________________________ exposed and with teeth 3. 4 life cycle stages - __________________ __________________ (3 pr. legs) __________________ (4 pr. legs) __________________ (4 pr. legs)

Characteristics of Ticks
4. both males and females feed on blood - copulation occurs on host - female __________________________and drops to ground to lay eggs

2 Families of Ticks
Family Ixodidae - hard ticks - hard idiosoma - scutum present dorsally on idiosoma - capitulum is terminal Family Argasidae - soft ticks (discuss later)

Ticks in Wisconsin

Dermacentor variabilis
Common names: _______________________________________

Preferred host is the _________________ but the tick will feed on almost any large carnivore and humans
Common throughout eastern and central U.S. including Wisconsin

Morphology of Dermacentor variabilis

Male - ornate white-mottled scutum covers entire idiosoma Female - scutum occurs on anterior part of idiosoma - can reach size of pea when engorged with blood prior to egg-laying Both sexes have 11 festoons at the posterior end

Morphology of Dermacentor variabilis

Unengorged and engorged female

Life Cycle of Dermacentor variabilis

1. Adults prefer to feed on dogs but will attach and feed on any large mammal including humans. 2. Engorged female drops off host and lays 4,000 to 6,500 eggs on ground.

Life Cycle of Dermacentor variabilis

3. Eggs hatch in a month into small sixlegged larvae that attach and feed on _________________ _________________ _________________ In a week, they drop off and molt to the _________________ stage.

Life Cycle of Dermacentor variabilis

4. The 8-legged nymphs attach and feed on _____________________ and in another week, drop off and molt to adults. 5. Adults occur in grassy areas where they quest until a large mammal comes by. Adults may live for 2 years.

Egg Laying

Tick Questing

Engorged female releasing eggs on soil

Tick crawls to tip of vegetation near a path and extends first pair of legs, hoping to attach to host when it contacts the tick as it walks by on the path.

Importance of Dermacentor variabilis

1. Heavy infestations on mammals can cause ____________________ in the host.

2. __________________________________ is caused by female tick attached to base of skull (on back of neck).
- Toxic secretions produced by the feeding tick cause an ascending paralysis - legs are first involved; if paralysis ascends to respiratory muscles, fatality could occur. - Numerous cases reported in the 1960's (long hair was in style) - Complete recovery by removing the tick 3. Principle vector of _____________________________________
(will discuss tick diseases later)

Dermacentor andersoni
Occurs in western U.S.

Biology is similar to that of D. variabilis - causes same problems

Important as vector of tick-borne typhus in Rocky Mountain states

Ixodes scapularis = Ixodes dammini

Most important tick in Wisconsin and Minnesota. Called the _____________________ as the preferred host is the ______________________________ But the tick will feed on any large mammal including dogs, horses, cattle, pigs, and humans. Originally called the bear tick, but this name is incorrect, as common name should refer to the preferred host

Distribution of Ixodes scapularis = Ixodes dammini

Morphology of Ixodes scapularis

Adult ticks are much smaller that dog ticks. Major identifying characteristic is the presence of an __________________________________ in front of the anus. This can easily been seen under the microscope. These ticks lack festoons.

Anal groove

Morphology of Ixodes scapularis

Male - scutum covering idiosoma is uniform brown color. Female - scutum is small and red to brown in color. The remainder of the idiosoma is reddish to cream colored. Females engorge prior to egg-laying.

Morphology of Ixodes scapularis

male

capitulum female

2 Year Life Cycle of Ixodes scapularis

Importance of Ixodes scapularis

1. Primary vector of ___________________________________________________

2. Vector of human babesiosis caused by _____________________________________

3. Vector of Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis

Amblyomma americanum
Common name is ______________________________________ Adults occur on many mammals in southern U.S. - occasionally found in Wisconsin.

Amblyomma americanum
Morphology: recognized by round idiosoma and elongate capitulum Female is easily identified by bright silver spot on scutum

Amblyomma americanum

Comparison of females of Amblyomma and Dermacentor - note the rounder idiosoma on Amblyomma and silver spot on scutum

Amblyomma americanum
Life Cycle: larvae and nymphs generally occur on _____________ adults on mammals All stages will bite humans when available

Importance - vector of _____________________________________ _____________________________________ in Texas and other southern states

Rhipicephalus sanguineus
Common name __________________________________

- all stages (larvae, nymphs, & adults) are found on dogs in North America
- found occasionally on Wisconsin dogs (not as common as Dermacentor) Morphology: small brownish tick with "spurs" on basis capituli and festoons at posterior margin

Spur on basis capituli

Importance - vector of __________________________________

Family Argasidae - soft ticks

Soft ticks are characterized by: 1. subterminal capitulum 2. no scutum 3. idiosoma is thick, leathery; often highly irregular. These ticks feed repeatedly on their hosts but rest away from their hosts when not feeding. They rest in nests and burrows.

Argas persicus
Common name ___________________ Parasites on _____________________ Recognized by its flat body seen in side view of specimens in dish Can build up huge populations in a henhouse causing severe anemia in chickens. May kill chickens. Will bite humans if available i.e. vagabond spending night in abandoned henhouse

Ornithodoros spp.
Some 90 species feed on a variety of mammals including humans.

One species occurs in Wisconsin Ornithodoros kelleyi - common name is ________________________________

Other species are common in the western states. Identified by rough idiosoma. Bite is highly toxic and painful.

Tick-Borne Diseases
Tick-borne typhus (= Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever)
Vectored by Dermacentor variabilis, D. andersoni, & Amblyomma americanum Disease occurs primarily along the eastern coast and southcentral U.S. (disease was first described in Idaho and named there as Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever) - but since most cases occur in eastern and southcentral U.S., the disease has been renamed tick-borne typhus

Tick-Borne Typhus
Caused by the _______________ Rickettsia rickettsii Disease - body rash, high fever, and severe headache. Treated with ___________________________ Both male and female ticks can transmit the disease. Average of 600 cases of tick-borne typhus in the U.S. each year - 20-30 cases are fatal. Two cases were reported in Wisconsin in 1987.

Lyme Disease
Lyme disease was first reported in 1969 in grouse hunter from Medford, Wisconsin. Disease was not named, however, until 1975 when a large outbreak of arthritis occurred in children in Lyme, Connecticut

Vectors of Lyme Disease

3 species of ticks have been identified as vectors: Principle vector is Ixodes scapularis - vector of cases in New England states and Wisconsin and Minnesota Ixodes pacificus (black-legged tick) is vector in Pacific coast states Amblyomma americanum and Ixodes scapularis are vectors in Texas and other southern states

Lyme Disease in U.S.

Cases of Lyme Disease

We have been averaging _______________cases of Lyme Disease each year - only _____ cases resulted in fatalities due to heart failure - average of ____________cases/year in Wisconsin

Number cases of Lyme Disease in U.S.

Lyme Disease in Wisconsin

Lyme Disease was first reported in Wisconsin in 1979

Since late 1980s, we have been averaging about 400 cases of Lyme Disease per year in Wisconsin but sudden increase in 2006 to 1456 cases

Causative Agent of Lyme Disease

In 1982, the causative agent of Lyme disease was discovered a ___________________________________________ named Borrelia burgdorferi Named after Willy Burgdorfer who first identified spirochaete in the deer tick.

Spirochaete appears as a short helix

Motile Gram negative Multiply in the midgut of the deer tick

Reservoirs of Lyme Disease

Important reservoir hosts of Lyme disease are _________________________ _________________________ These hosts do not shown any symptoms of the disease. They serve to infect deer tick __________________ ___________________________ are also reservoirs of Lyme disease but are not affected by the spirochaete.

Onset of Lyme Disease

Most cases of Lyme Disease are reported in summer - the ____________________________ are the source of these infections; ____________________________ vector disease in fall.

3 Stages of Pathology of Lyme Disease

1. First stage occurs 3-30 days after tick bite. In 50% of cases involving children and in 70% of cases in adults, a red rash around the bite occurs - called ___________________________ ___________________________ It commonly reaches a diameter of 6". Other symptoms are_______________________: headache, fever, stiff neck, nausea, fatigue, and aching muscles and joints.

3 Stages of Pathology of Lyme Disease

2. Stage 2 occurs weeks to months after initial exposure. Bacteria multiply rapidly and invade the circulatory and nervous systems. Circulatory disorders - irregular beat, bradycardia Neurological disorders - facial paralysis called ____________________________, weakness in the limbs, and memory difficulty. 3 fatal cases resulted from cardiac failure. Transplacental transmission of the bacteria to fetus during this time can result in heart defects and other birth defects.

3 Stages of Pathology of Lyme Disease

3. Stage 3 occurs a year after the initial bite. The most common symptom in stage 3 Lyme disease are intermittant attacks of _______________________________. The knee is commonly affected. Neurological disorders such as profound fatigue, impaired concentration and loss of short-term memory, and personality changes can occur.

Timing of Pathology of Lyme Disease

Diagnosis of Lyme Disease

DIAGNOSIS - identification of clinical symptoms associated with tick bite. Immunological tests determine presence of Lyme antibodies: 1. ELISA 2. IFA - Immunofluorescent assay

Problem:

Treatment of Lyme Disease

1. _____________________________________. Studies indicate that the tick does transmit the bacteria until at least 24 hours after attachment. - Tick should be removed with fine forceps to insure complete removal of the hypostome.

Treatment of Lyme Disease

2. Treatment with ___________________________________ tetracycline, amoxicillin, azithromycin, and doxycycline are used to treat early Lyme disease Cefuroxime (Ceftrin) is used to treat late Lyme disease.

Penicillin and erythromycin have been shown to be ineffective. Antibiotics are given orally during stage 1; must be given intravenously in stages 2 and 3 to be effective.

Prevention of Lyme Disease

1. Conduct tick checks after spending time outdoors. 2. Tuck pants into socks to keep them off skin. 3. Use tick repellent (one with ___________________________ sprayed on clothing).

4.

Insect repellents with DEET can be used but are not as effective as permethrin.

LYMErix vaccine
LYMErix vaccine was used as a preventative in 1999, but was marginally effective and caused several side effects. It has been withdrawn by its manufacturer and is no longer available. Triggers autoimmune arthritis in many. Class action law suit has been filed against the manufacturer.

Lyme Disease in Domestic Animals

Lyme Disease has also been shown to cause problems in dogs, cattle, horses and cats, and is of veterinary importance.

Common symptoms in domestic animals is lameness, loss of appetite and weight loss, and kidney disease.

Human Babesiosis
Disease is caused by protozoan _________________________________ Vector is the deer tick Ixodes scapularis in Wisconsin and Minnesota Remember that the parasite normally occurs in meadow voles but is transmitted from the vole to a human via the deer tick bite

Causes _______________________ - life-threatening to immunocompromised people

Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis

Caused by the bacterium _______________________________ Vectored by Ixodes scapularis in Minnesota and Wisconsin Ehrlichia invades human ______________________________ - white blood cells are destroyed and infected persons show low wbc count - fever, chills, headaches, muscle aches common

60-80 cases reported in the Midwest each year - a few deaths have occurred
Diagnosed by IFA antibody test Treatment with ___________________________________________________

Mites
General Characteristics of Mites: 1. __________________________________(0.5 to 2 mm) 2. Bodies appear "hairy" due to presence of _____________________________________________ 3. ____________________________ is hidden and unarmed (no teeth). 4. Life cycle involves a single host; all life cycle stages are found on this host:

egg

6-legged larva

8-legged nymph

adult

Sarcoptes scabiei
Common name: __________________________________ Causative agent of _______________________________(also called the 7-year itch, or sarcoptic mange) Cosmopolitan in distribution. Recent cases have been identified in Eau Claire.

Sarcoptes scabiei in Eau Claire

Sarcoptes scabiei

small male

large female

Sarcoptes scabiei
Itch mites occur on human skin. - Females tunnel within the _________________________________ of the epidermis producing tortuous tunnels containing eggs, hatched larvae, and excrement. - Larvae, nymphs, and males occur on the ____________________________ and do not burrow

Sarcoptes scabiei
Burrowing female causes intense itching and a red rash appears.

Transmission is by direct physical contact between persons. Acaricide drugs are effective in treating the infestation.

Demodex folliculorum
Common name: ____________________________ Elongate mites with short, stubby legs. Live in ______________________ ____________________________ - most common on the face. High prevalence in persons with acne and in older persons. Mites generally do not cause any problems - mild skin eruptions may occur in some individuals.

Demodex canis
Common name: _______________________________ Causes ____________________________ , a severe, often fatal rash in puppies.

Trombicula
Common name: _____________________________ The ______________________ of several species of Trombicula will bite many mammals including humans. Distribution in U.S. is primarily in southeastern states Morphology of larva: 3 pair legs; elongate legs; hairy body

Trombicula
Chiggers are normally on the soil or vegetation and will attach to any unsuspecting mammal when they come in contact. Bite of the larva is severe; salivary secretions released during feeding cause ____________________________________________ Nymphs and adults are free-living predators in the soil and freshwater and do not bite.

Trombicula
Chiggers in southeast Asia serve as vectors of __________________________________, a rickettsial disease caused by Rickettsia tsutsugamushi. Disease produces an extensive red rash. Can be fatal if not treated with ________________________