Managerial Accounting and Cost Concepts

Chapter 02

PowerPoint Authors: Susan Coomer Galbreath, Ph.D., CPA Charles W. Caldwell, D.B.A., CMA Jon A. Booker, Ph.D., CPA, CIA Cynthia J. Rooney, Ph.D., CPA

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Classifications of Manufacturing Costs

Direct Materials Direct Labor Manufacturing Overhead

The Product

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Direct Materials
Raw materials that become an integral part of the product and that can be conveniently traced directly to it.

Example: A radio installed in an automobile

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Direct Labor
Those labor costs that can be easily traced to individual units of product.

Example: Wages paid to automobile assembly workers

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Manufacturing Overhead
Manufacturing costs that cannot be easily traced directly to specific units produced.
Examples: Indirect materials and indirect labor

Materials used to support the production process.

Examples: lubricants and cleaning supplies used in the automobile assembly plant.

Wages paid to employees who are not directly involved in production work.
Examples: maintenance workers, janitors, and security guards.

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Nonmanufacturing Costs
Selling Costs Administrative Costs

Costs necessary to secure the order and deliver the product.

All executive, organizational, and clerical costs.

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Product Costs Versus Period Costs

Product costs include direct materials, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead.
Inventory Sale
Cost of Good Sold

Period costs include all selling costs and administrative costs.

Expense

Balance Sheet

Income Statement

Income Statement

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Classifications of Costs
Manufacturing costs are often classified as follows:
Direct Material Direct Labor Manufacturing Overhead

Prime Cost

Conversion Cost

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Variable Cost
Your total texting bill is based on how many texts you send.
Total Texting Bill Number of Texts Sent

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Variable Cost Per Unit

The cost per text sent is constant at 5 cents per text message.
Cost Per Text Sent Number of Texts Sent

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The Activity Base (Cost Driver)

Units produced A measure of what causes the incurrence of a variable cost Machine hours

Miles driven

Labor hours

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Fixed Cost
Your monthly contract fee for your cell phone is fixed for the number of monthly minutes in your contract. The monthly contract fee does not change based on the number of calls you make.
Monthly Cell Phone Contract Fee Number of Minutes Used Within Monthly Plan

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Fixed Cost Per Unit

Within the monthly contract allotment, the average fixed cost per cell phone call made decreases as more calls are made.
Monthly Cell Phone Contract Fee Number of Minutes Used Within Monthly Plan

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Types of Fixed Costs

Committed
Long-term, cannot be significantly reduced in the short term.

Discretionary
May be altered in the short-term by current managerial decisions

Examples
Depreciation on Buildings and Equipment and Real Estate Taxes

Examples
Advertising and Research and Development

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The Linearity Assumption and the Relevant Range

Economists Curvilinear Cost Function
Relevant Range
A straight line closely approximates a curvilinear variable cost line within the relevant range.

Total Cost

Accountants Straight-Line Approximation (constant unit variable cost) Activity

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Fixed Costs and the Relevant Range

Rent Cost in Thousands of Dollars

90 Relevant
Range
The relevant range of activity for a fixed cost is the range of activity over which the graph of the cost is flat.

60

30

1,000 2,000 3,000 Rented Area (Square Feet)

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Mixed Costs
The total mixed cost line can be expressed as an equation: Y = a + bX
Where: Y a b X = The total mixed cost. = The total fixed cost (the vertical intercept of the line). = The variable cost per unit of activity (the slope of the line). = The level of activity.

Y Total Utility Cost

Variable Cost per KW

X Activity (Kilowatt Hours)

Fixed Monthly
Utility Charge

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End of Chapter 02