Newton’s Third Law

Projectile Motion
 Horizontal and Vertical Motions affect the
projectile motion of an object.
 Horizontal motion  motion parallel to the
ground.
 Ex. A ball is thrown straight forward; the ball
would continue at a constant velocity parallel
to the ground.
 Vertical Velocity
 Force of gravity pulls objects vertically
(downward)
 Ex. Ball being thrown will curve downward
due to vertical velocity (gravity)
 Centripetal Force
 Remember the requirements for
something to accelerate?
 (change in speed, change in direction)
 Acceleration toward the center of a curved
or circular path is called Centripetal
Acceleration.
 Ex. Figure 18 – Ball moving through a
curved pipe
 Objects move in a circle, because
centripetal force is accelerating them
toward the center.
 Ex. Moon in orbit; Earth’s gravity exerts a
centripetal force on the moon.
 Newton’s Third Law
 “For every action force, there is an equal
and opposite reaction force.”
 Ex. If you pushed on a wall, wearing
rolling skates, would you move? If so,
which direction?
 Answer  Yes, Backwards! The wall
exerts as much force as you exert on it.
 Ex. Jumping up and down on a
trampoline; you exert a downward force,
while the trampoline exerts an equal force
upward.
 Rocket propulsion is another good
example.
A Rocket exerts a force on gases, while the
gases exert a force on a rocket.
 Momentum
 Momentum = mass x velocity
or (p = mv)
 Units for momentum  kg m/s

**Momentum has direction because velocity

has direction**
 Which would be easier to stop? A slow-
moving bicycle or a speeding bicycle?
 Answer  A slow moving bicycle; it has a
lower velocity.
 Which would be easier to stop? A moving
“Hot Wheels” car or a Monster Truck?
 Answer  A “Hot Wheels” Car; Hot
Wheels has less mass.
 More mass = more momentum
 More velocity = more momentum
Force and Changing Momentum
 Remember the formula for acceleration?
 (Final velocity – initial velocity)/time
 Remember Newton’s Second Law?
 Force = mass x acceleration
 These two formulas are combined when
referring to momentum.
F = (mvf – mvi)/t
 When you catch a ball, your hand exerts a
force on the ball that stops it. The force
depends on the mass and speed of the
ball and how long it takes to come to a
stop.
Law of Conservation of Momentum
 Momentum can be passed from one
object to another.
 If a group of objects exerts forces only on
each other, their total momentum doesn’t
change.