MAMMOGRAPHY

INDEX
1.

2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

INTRODUCTION DIAGNOSIS TESTS MAMMOGRAPHY MACHINE TYPES OF BREAST CANCER BREAST CANCER IN MEN TREATMENT

WHAT IS MAMMOGRAPHY????

Mammography is the process of using low-energy X-rays (usually around 30 kVp) to examine the human breast and is used as a diagnostic and a screening tool. The goal of mammography is the early detection of breast cancer, typically through detection of characteristic masses and/or microcalcifications. Like all X-rays, mammograms use doses of ionizing radiation to create images. Radiologists then analyze the images for any abnormal findings. It is normal to use lower-energy X-rays (typically Mo-K) than those used for radiography of bones. Ultrasound, ductography, positron emission mammography (PEM), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are adjuncts to mammography. Ultrasound is typically used for further evaluation of masses found on mammography or palpable masses not seen on mammograms.

DIAGNOSIS

FALSE POSITIVE

The cost of higher sensitivity is a larger number of results that would be regarded as suspicious in patients without disease. This is true of mammography. The patients without disease who are called back for further testing from a screening session (about 7%) are sometimes referred to as "false positives". There is a tradeoff between the number of patients with disease found, and the much larger number of patients without disease that must be re-screened.

FALSE NEGATIVE

At the same time, mammograms also have a rate of missed tumors, or "false negatives."

FALSE NEGATIVE

DIFFERENT TESTS OF DIAGNOSIS OF BREAST CANCER

Biopsy Blood Cell Counts Blood Chemistries Blood Marker Tests Bone Scans Breast MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) Breast Physical Exam Breast Self-Exam (BSE) CT (CAT) Scans Chest X-Rays

MAMMOGRAPHY MACHINE

DIGITAL IMAGE AND ULTRASOUND IMAGE

IDC TYPE: TUBULAR CARCINOMA OF THE BREAST

Tubular carcinoma of the breast is a subtype of invasive ductal carcinoma (cancer that begins inside the breast's milk duct and spreads beyond it into healthy tissue). Tubular carcinomas are usually small (about 1 cm or less) and made up of tube-shaped structures called "tubules." These tumors tend to be lowgrade, meaning that their cells look somewhat similar to normal, healthy cells and tend to grow slowly. At one time, tubular carcinomas accounted for about 1-4% of all breast cancers.

IDC TYPE: MEDULLARY CARCINOMA OF THE BREAST

Medullary carcinoma of the breast is a rare subtype of invasive ductal carcinoma (cancer that begins in the milk duct and spreads beyond it), accounting for about 3-5% of all cases of breast cancer. It is called medullary carcinoma because the tumor is a soft, fleshy mass that resembles a part of the brain called the medulla.

BREAST CANCER IN MEN

Breast cancer in men is a rare disease. Less than 1% of all breast cancers occur in men. In 2011, about 2,140 men were diagnosed with the disease. For men, the lifetime risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer is about 1 in 1,000. You may be thinking: Men don't have breasts, so how can they get breast cancer? The truth is that boys and girls, men and women all have breast tissue. The various hormones in girls' and women's bodies stimulate the breast tissue to grow into full breasts. Boys' and men's bodies normally don't make much of the breast-stimulating hormones. As a result, their breast tissue usually stays flat and small. Still, you may have seen boys and men with medium-sized or big breasts. Usually these breasts are just mounds of fat. But sometimes men can develop real breast gland tissue because they take certain medicines or have abnormal hormone levels.

TREATMENT

In the following pages of the Treatment and Side Effects section, you can learn about:

Planning Your Treatment

What types of treatment are available, the most likely sequence of treatments, treatment options by cancer stage, and fitting treatment into your schedule.

Getting a Second Opinion

Reasons for getting a second opinion about your treatment plan, how to go about getting one, and what to do once youve got it.

Surgery
Breast-conserving surgery (lumpectomy), mastectomy, and lymph node dissection, and what to expect from each. Also included: Prophylactic surgery and breast reconstruction.

Chemotherapy
How chemotherapy works, who should get it, different types and combinations, and side effects and how to manage them.

Radiation Therapy
How radiation therapy works, who it's for, advantages, side effects, and what to expect when you get it.

TREATMENTS

Hormonal Therapy
The link between hormones and breast cancer and how different groups of drugs including ERDs, SERMs, and aromatase inhibitors can affect that link. Also covered: Side effects of hormonal therapies

Targeted Therapies
How they work, who should get them, how they're given, side effects, and major studies. Complementary & Holistic Medicine How complementary medicine techniques such as acupuncture, meditation, and yoga could be a helpful addition to your regular medical treatment. Includes research on complementary techniques and ways to find qualified practitioners.

Drugs for Treatment and Risk Reduction

A reference list of drugs used to treat and reduce the risk of breast cancer, including how they work, to whom they are typically given, and side effects.

Treatments for Pain

Ways to treat cancer- and treatment-related pain, including types of medications and tips on talking to your doctors about pain.

Treatment Side Effects

 SUSHMA

PATEL MIHIR KURDEKAR VIDYA MENE