Intermediate Joints

Condition in making intermediate joints

1. Timber joints shall be within the centerline of the members meeting on a common point so as to prevent rotation at the joint.
2. For structures with smaller stresses, wood connections shall be provided with dapping or notching at the strut to the adjoining member using dowels, lag screw or nails to keep the member in the design position.

3. Metal bearing plate bolted connections or bearing blocks shall be specified for structure with large stresses. 4. Pocket joints that will collect moisture shall be avoided. 5. When the strut is at right angle with the top chord, a 20mm dowel or 16mm lag screw should be used to hold the strut securely in place. When the strut carries a large stresses, the following joints may be employed. a. Butt block or angle block b. Steel S-Shaped bearing plate c. Cast iron solid angle bear block d. Cast iron angle bearing block with web

Butt Block is hard wood with the same thickness as the top chord. Steel S-Shaped Bearing Plate should be the same width as the top cord

Cast Iron Solid Bearing Block as a solid block covering the whole width of the top chord cast at holes not less than 16 mm thick provided with a lug into the top chord.
Cast Iron Bearing Block with the web should have a minimum thickness of 20mm.

Center Joint of Howe Truss- this type of joint is provided with a butt or angle block at the center intermediate joint.

Peak Joint has various types depending upon the design as shown on the following illustration.

End Joints
There are five types of Rafter and Truss End Joints: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Pinning the top chord into the bottom chord. Notching the top chord into the lower chord with bolts. Using bent strap or shoe plate with lugs or flats. Using the side plates with flats or tables. Using malleable cast iron shoe.

Notching Top Chord and Lower Chord

1. Notching with bolts.

2. Notching with bolts and wood key.

3. Using bent strap with lugs or flat.

4. Using steel side plate with flats or tables riveted to the plates. 5. Using malleable cast iron shoe.

Splicing
Splicing is the process of joining two pieces of materials in their longitudinal direction in order to transmit stresses from one member to the other Splicing is of three different ways: 1. By Lapping 2. Scarfing and 3. By Fishing

Lapping is simply joining one member to the other

Fishing is joining two ends using two side blocks sometimes called splice pads.

Scarfing is cutting away the opposite sides of two members the lapjointed to obtain a continuous piece of uniform thickness. This is popularly termed as half-lap.

Types of Splicing tension members

Bolted wooden fish plate splice

Bolted steel fish plate

Wooden tabled fish plate splice

Shear pin splice

Steel tabled fish plate

Tension bar splice Timber connector splice

Glued Laminated Lumber Glued laminated wood is a stress rated product of timber produced in laminating plant from selected wood. In forming any length, each wood layer is bended slowly to a designed curve and shape. Lumber intended for lamination do not exceed 5 cm in thickness. However, when bending to a radius that is too sharp to permit the use of 5 cm thick, a nominal thickness of 2 cm is used.

Various Example of Laminated Structures

Double tapered curve

straight

Double tapered straight

Single tapered

pitched

curve

3 centered