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GI Timeline
Weeks
3 4
sprout.The ventral pancreatic bud migrates posteriorly to fuse with the dorsal pancreatic bud. The cloaca forms
6 --40 --42 --47 --50
The primary intestinal loop herniates into the umbilicus and undergoes an 7 initial counterclockwise rotation
8 9
Septation of the cloaca into the urogenital sinus and the anorectal canal is completed
The midgut undergoes 180 degree counterclockwise rotation as it retracts into the abdomen
10 --70 11 --77 12
The ascending & descending colon become fixed, the remainder of the intestine remain suspended by the mesentery
Tissue specification
Epithelial endoderm responds differently depends on mesenchyme mesoderm produce different kind of structure at different area (Sonic hedgehog gene or Shh gene action):
esophagus gut intestine colon
greater and lesser curvatures: by the 5th week, posterior part of stomach grow faster than the anterior portion by 7-8th week, around the longitudinal axis, the stomach carries out a 90clockwise rotation, its left side to face anterior
rotation around the transverse axis, the caudal(pyloric) end of the stomach moves upward and to the right; the cephalic( cardiac)end moves downward and to the left
Development of intestine a. midgut derivatives: duodenum formation: formed by terminal part of foregut and the cephalic part of the midgut, C-shaped ventrally, rotates to the right
midgut loop: by 5th week, midgut grow rapidly to form a U-shaped loop, its apex connects with yolk sac by way of the narrow vitelline duct
physiological umbilical herniation: during the 6th week, midgut loop grow rapidly, enter the umbilical coelum extraembryonic coelom( in umbilical cord)
by 6-8th week, midgut loop rotates 90 around an axis formed by the superior mesenteric artery in a counterclockwise direction, move cephalic limb to right, caudal limb left
caecal swelling: a conical dilation of the caudal limb, form caecum and appendix
by 10th week, midgut loop return to the abdominal cavity, simultaneously rotates 180 in a counterclockwise direction, move cephalic limb to left, caudal limb right
caudal limb: terminal part of ileum, caecum, appendix, 2/3 transverse colon
Hindgut derivatives give rise to 1/3 transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid
cloaca: dilation of terminal part of hindgut, connect with allantois, closed by cloacal membrane
urorectal septum: by 6-7th week, mesenchyma between hindgut and allantois proliferates and form a transverse ridge, divided the cloaca into urogenital sinus and anorectal canal
Lambung terikat pada dinding dorsal tubuh dengan menggunakan mesogastrium dorsal dan ke bagian ventral dengan menggunakan mesogastrium ventral . Rotasi lambung berakibat pada pembentukan rongga di belakang lambung, yang disebut bursa omental (lesser sac) Pada mesogastrium dorsal, limpa berkembang dari mesenkim (minggu ke5). dari mesogastrium dorsal-berkembang ligamen greater omentum, lienorenal dan gastrosplenic.
Development of liver and pancreas development of liver and gall bladder hepatic diverticulum: by beginning of 4th week, endodermal proliferation of end of the foregut
development of pancreas dorsal pancreatic bud and ventral pancreatic bud: by the end of 4th week, arise from the endoderm of caudal part of the foregut dorsal pancreas, ventral pancreas: pancreatic buds cells proliferate to give rise to acinus and ducts
the ventral pancreas rotates to right-dorsal direction and fuse with dorsal pancreas the ventral pancreas forms the inferior part of the head of the pancreas; dorsal pancreas forms other part of pancreas
main pancreatic duct, together with the common bile duct, enters the duodenum at the site of the major papilla
Clinical Applications
Omphalocele
Occurs in 1 in 6,000 births GI structures protrude through an unclosed umbilical ring, covered in membranes
Herniated organs may not have fully retracted in the 10th wk (likely if amnion covered only) Or, if there is peritoneum in the sac, the organs retracted but herniated again secondarily when the ventral abdominal wall failed to close
Omphalocele
to 1/3 have other anomalies or chromosomal defects
Pentology of Cantrell (failure of migration and fusion of the lateral and cephalic folds): omphalocele, diaphragmatic hernia, sternal cleft, ectopia cordis (evagination of the heart), & intracardiac anomaly Beckwith-Wiedeman Syndrome: omphalocele, macroglossia, macrosomia, hemihypertrophy, hypoglycemia related to pancreatic hyperplasia Associated with Trisomy 13, 18, &21
Omphalocele
Gastroschisis
Occurs in 1 in 10,000 births Defect of the ventral abdominal wall between the rectus muscles lateral to the umbilicus Occurs on the right side
Arises through an abnormality in the involution of the right umbilical vein during the 5th & 6th wks causing a maldevelopment of associated mesodermal elements in that region of the body wall
Gastroschisis
Not covered by a membrane
Herniated intestine is often edematous, and can be ischemic- especially if the defect is small Increased risk of sepsis Increased fluid and heat losses
Gastroschisis
Malrotation
The cephalic limb of the primary intestinal loop undergoes the initial 90 degree rotation only The caudal limb undergoes only the later 180 degree rotation So the distal end of the duodenum becomes fixed on the right side of the abdominal cavity and the cecum is fixed near midline just inferior to the pyloris The abnormal position of the cecum may cause the duodenum to be enclosed by a band of peritoneum (Ladds bands) Diagnose with UGI to visualize duodenum
Volvulus
Abnormal rotation or fixation can lead to this life threatening condition Midgut lies free with only duodenum and proximal colon attached to the posterior abdominal wall Volvulus can occur as suspended regions of the gut twist around themselves constricting the intestine and compromising the blood supply
Surgical emergency
80% present in the first month Symptoms include bilious vomiting (95%), abdominal pain (varies), bloody stools (28%)
Abnormality in esophagus
Atresia esofagus/tracheo-esophageal fistula:- disebabkan oleh abnormalitas pembentukan septum tracheo-esophageal atau beberapa faktor mekanis
Pada bentuk umum, ujung esofagus bagian proksimal terlepas dan bagian distal dihubungkan dengan trachea
Atresia esofagus mencegah pelaluan cairan amnion ke dalam usus, sehingga terjadi akumulasi cairan dalam kantung amnion - polyhydramnios. Esophageal stenosis:- lumen sempit
Duktus hepatikus asesoris - umum- tidak ada masalah . Duplikasi kantung empedu umum, tidak ada masalah, akan tetapi jika dilakukan operasi, penting sekali untuk mencegah luka. Extrahepatic biliary atresia: 1/15,000 hidup saat lahir. - disebabkan karena kegagalan dalam rekanalisasi duktus selama perkembangan . Intrahepatic biliary duct atresia: duktus empedu yang berada di dalam hati tidak berkanal
ABNORMALITY IN PANCREAS Pankreas Annular bagian kuncup pankreas ventral berotasi ke kiri di depan duodenum. kemudian, jaringan pankreas mengelilingi duodenum . mengganggu duodenum Asesoris jaringan pankreas : - seringkali terletak dalam mukosa lambung dan divertikulum Meckel
Congenital malformations of the digestive tract atresia or stenosis of digestive tract: caused by failure of recanalization or improper recanalization, mostly in esophagus and duodenum
congenital umbilical hernia: caused by incomplete closure of the central part of the abdominal wall, the viscera return to the abdomen but herniated again during the fetal period
umbilical fistula and Meckel diverticulum: ---umbilical fistula: results from persistence of a patent vitelline duct, meconium or mucus may be found at the umbilicus ---vitelline sinus: results when a small portion of duct remains and opens onto the skin ---vitelline cyst: results when intermediate patent leaves
---vitelline ligament: vitelline duct persist as a fibrous cord, will cause intestinal obstruction ---Meckels diverticulum: caused by persistence of a shore length of the vitelline duct, that remains attached to ileum
Meckels Diverticulum
May be attached to the umbilicus by a fibrous cord, omphalomesenteric cyst or fistula 1/5 of cases have ectopic pancreatic or gastric tissue
Commonly present as painless rectal bleeding in a toddler from ulceration of ectopic gastric mucosa
congenital aganglionic megacolon: results from the absence of ganglion cell of the parasympathetic ganglia, which cause failure of the distal segment to move the intestinal contents onward HIRSCHPRUNG
imperforate anus, rectal atresia and rectal fistula: ---imperforate anus: results from failure rupture of anal membrane
---rectal atresia: due to a failure of the anal pit to develop or deviation of the urorectal septum in dorsal direction ---rectal fistula: associate with an imperforate anus, between the rectum and the vagina or urinary bladder or urethra
abnormal rotation of the intestinal loop: nonrotation or reversed rotation of the midgut atresia of the gall bladder and bile ducts: results from failure of vacuolization of the epithelial cords or reopen
Arises when the two lobes of a bilobed ventral pancreatic bud (normal variation) migrate in opposite directions around the duodenum and fuse with the dorsal bud This causes compression and may lead to obstruction of the duodenum (can see double bubble on XR) 10-20% associated with duodenal atresia, malrotation, & Trisomy 21