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The atom consists of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons surrounded by a cloud of electrons.
Atomic Number Z - Number of protons in the Nucleus = number of electrons in a neutral atom.
Mass number A = Number of protons + neutrons.
Notation
Mass Number (bigger)
A Z
symbol
The Mole
The mole is defined as, the amount of matter with the same number of elementary particles as .. grams of carbon 12.
6.023x1023 particles
Symbol () g
12.00
Particles = .. x .
The Mole
The mole is defined as, the amount of matter with the same number of elementary particles as 12 grams of carbon 12.
6.023x1023 particles
C
Symbol (L) g
12.00
Particles = n x L
? 3
dozen
1 doz
1 doz
1 doz
12
x
36 particles
12 12 12
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
? 3
moles (n)
1 mol
1 mol
1 mol
L 6.023 x 1023
x
18.069 x 1023 particles
6.023 x 1023
........................................................................... ........................................................................... ........................................................................... ...........................................
6.023 x 1023
........................................................................... ........................................................................... ........................................................................... ...........................................
6.023 x 1023
........................................................................... ........................................................................... ........................................................................... ...........................................
Mole examples
Calculate the number of moles in 6 million hydrogen ions. How many moles of people are currently on the planet? (6.95x109) How many electrons would you have if you had 0.015 of a mole of electrons? How many water molecules make up 2.5 moles of water? How many hydrogen atoms are in 2.5 moles of water?
Mole examples
Calculate the number of moles in 6 million hydrogen ions. n = particles/L = 6x106 /6.023x1023 = 9.96 x10-18 mol How many moles of people are currently on the planet? (6.95x109) n = particles/L = 6.95x109/6.023x1023 = 1.15 x10-14 mol How many electrons would you have if you had 0.015 of a mole of electrons? particles = n x L = (0.015)(6.023x1023) = 9.03 x10 21 electrons How many water molecules make up 2.5 moles of water? particles = n x L = (2.5)(6.023x1023) = 1.51x10 24 molecules How many hydrogen atoms are in 2.5 moles of water?
H atoms = 2xH2O molecules = 2x 1.51x10 24 = 3.02x1024 H atoms
A Z
MOLAR mass
Eg Na = 23g/mol, water(H2O)=18g/mol
A Z
MOLAR mass
Eg Na = 23g/mol, water(H2O)=18g/mol
Relative Masses
Relative atomic Mass (Ar) - The mass of the atom ....... 1/12 of the mass of a atom. (Number of times heavier than) O - 16 one atom of oxygen is 16 times heavier than 1/12 of the mass of a C12 atom, Na - 23, H - 1 etc. Formula mass (Mr) - The .of all the atomic masses of the atoms in a molecule. Water H2O
One molecule of water has a relative mass of Mr(H2O) = (2x()+.) = .. - that is the molecular or formula mass of water. One molecule of water is18 times heavier than)
Relative Masses
Relative atomic mass (Ar) - The mass of the atom relative to 1/12 of the mass of a C12 atom. (Number of times heavier than) O - 16 one atom of oxygen is 16 times heavier than 1/12 of the mass of a C12 atom, Na - 23 one atom of sodium , H - 1 etc. Formula mass (Mr) - The sum of all the atomic masses of the atoms in a molecule. Water H2O one molecule of water has a relative mass of - that is the
molecular or formula mass of water.
Isotopes
Isotopes - Atoms of the .. element which have different numbers of .. Eg: 613C & 612C
6 .. protons
13C
6 .. protons
12C
electrons
.. electrons
Relative = .. neutrons atomic mass is (actually) the average mass the isotopes in a = (of all neutrons
random sample) of the atoms of an element relative to 1/12 of the mass of a carbon-twelve atom.
Isotopes
Isotopes - Atoms of the same element which have different numbers of neutrons. Eg: 613C & 612C
6 6 protons
13C
6 6 protons
12C
6 electrons
6 electrons
Relative 13-6 = 7 neutrons atomic mass is (actually) the average mass (of all the isotopes in a 12-6 =6 neutrons
random sample) of the atoms of an element relative to 1/12 of the mass of a carbon-twelve atom.
Isotopes
Chlorine has two isotopes 3717Cl & 3517Cl Cl(35) has 35-17=18neutrons Cl(37) has 20 neutrons! 37Cl (25%) & 35Cl (75%) - exist in the ratio 1:3
Calculate the average mass of a Cl atom. (Two methods)
Isotopes
Chlorine has two isotopes 3717Cl & 3517Cl Cl(35) has 35-17=18neutrons Cl(37) has 20 neutrons! 37Cl (25%) & 35Cl (75%) - exist in the ratio 1:3
Calculate the average mass of a Cl atom. (Two methods)
1. In 100 atoms 25 have a mass of 37 and 75 have mass 35! Average Ar(Cl)= total mass no of atoms = (37x25)+(35x75) = 35.50 100
A Z
m = n x Mr
m = n x Mr
Eg calculate the number of moles of water that would have a mass of 100g. n(H2O) = m/Mr = 100/18 = 5.56 mol
Eg Calculate the relative mass of a compound for which 0.001 moles have a mass of 0,0056 g. Mr (X) = m/n = 0.0056/0.001 = 5.6 g/mol
0.01mol of a substance X has a mass of 0.5g. What is the molecular mass of substance X? Mr = m/n =(0.5/o.o1) = 50 g.mol-1 if X is an element then it could be Vanadium. (V)
Mole Calculations
GIVEN MASS MOLAR RATIO ASKED MASS
MOLES
MOLES
4.
Na
46g moles
H2O H2 + NaOH
50g .. moles
..will run out first ..is LIMITING REAGENT What is the minimum amount of water needed to react completely with 46g of sodium??
Na
46g 2 moles
H2O H2 + NaOH
50g
n(H2O) = m/Mr = 50/18 = 2.8 mol Na will run out first Na is LIMITING REAGENT What is the minimum amount of water needed to react completely with 46g of sodium??
Na
46g 2 moles
H2O H2 + NaOH
50g
n(H2O) = m/Mr = 50/18 = 2.8 mol Na will run out first Na is LIMITING REAGENT What is the minimum amount of water needed to react completely with 46g of sodium?? 36g of H2O
4.
Mole examples - B & J p119 21 & p120 22 1. Na + Cl2 NaCl Calculate the mass of salt formed if 2.3g of sodium is reacted with XS chlorine. 2. Zn + HCl ZnCl2 + H2 What mass of HCl is needed to produce 100g of hydrogen? 3. KClO3 KCl + O2 What mass of oxygen is produced from 1kg of potassium chlorate? 4. Fe2O3 + H2 Fe + H2O What mass of iron is produced if 3g of rust (Fe2O3) is reacted with XS(100g )of hydrogen?
Mole examples - B & J p119 21 & p120 22 1. 2Na + Cl2 2NaCl Calculate the mass of salt formed if 2.3g of sodium is reacted with XS chlorine. 1. n(Na) = m/Ar = 2.3/23 = 0.1mol 2. Molar Ratio Na:NaCl 2:2 ie 1:1 => n(NaCl) = 0.1mol 3. m(NaCl) = nxMr = 0.1x(23+35.5) = 5.85g
Mole examples - B & J p119 21 & p120 22 2. Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2 What mass of HCL is needed to produce 100g of hydrogen? 2.1 n(H2) = m/Mr = 100/2 = 50mol 2.2 Ratio HCl:H2 2:1 N(HCl) = 2x50 = 100mol
Mole examples - B & J p119 21 & p120 22 3. 2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2 What mass of oxygen is produced from 1kg of potassium chlorate?
3.1 m(KClO3) = m/Mr = 1000/(39+35.5+(3x16)) = 8.16mol 3.2 Ratio KClO3:O2 2:3 n(O2) = (3/2)n(KClO3)=(3/2)(8.16) = 12.24mol 3.3 m(O2) = nxMr = 12.24(32)=391.68g
Mole examples - B & J p119 21 & p120 22 4. Fe2O3 + 3H2 2Fe + 3H2O What mass of iron is produced if 3g of rust (Fe2O3) is reacted with XS(100g )of hydrogen?
1. 2.
3.
n(Fe2 O3 ) = m/Mr = 3/((2x56)+3(16)) = 3/160 = 0.01875mol M:R 1:2 n(Fe) = 1/2n(Fe2 O3) = (0.1875) = 0.009375 mol
M(Fe) = n x Ar = 0.009375 x 56 = 0.525 g
Percentage Composition
Analysis of a compound by mass makes it possible to work out the % mass of each element.
Percentage Composition
Analysis of a compound by mass makes it possible to work out the % mass of each element.
= 88.9%
C
In 100g: n=m/Mr: 40.0g
40/ 12
H
6.7g
6.7/ 1
O
53.3g
53.3/ 16
3.33 3.33 1
C H3C OH
CH3COOH or C2H4O2
Mr: 2(12)+4(1)+2(16)=60g.mol-1
%C: (24/60)x100 = 40.0% %H: (4/60)x100 = 6.7%
1 Assume you have 100g of the compound. You would therefore have 30.4g of nitrogen. ... and 100-30.4 = 69.6g of oxygen. Mass RatioMole Ratio n = (n=m/Ar)
N 30.4
30.4/ 14=
: :
: :
O 69.6
69.6/ 16=
2.2
4.4
2 (4.4/2.2)
(More egs B & J p112/3 ex1-4)
pg 119 No 17
Molar Volumes
One mole of an ideal (ANY) gas occupies a volume of 22,4dm3 at standard temperature and pressure. (STP)
Concentration - Molarity
The concentration of a solution is defined as the . of
per . (dm3) of .
Final volume of
..
solute
500cm3
solute
30g of NaCl
n C= v
Concentration - Molarity
The concentration of a solution is defined as the AMOUNT of
SOLUTE per LITRE (dm3) of SOLUTION.
Final volume of
solution
solute 500cm3
solute
30g of NaCl
n C= v
Concentration =
Volume of solution
Volume Conversions
1 dm3 (1 litre)
10 cm3 1cm3 10 cm3 10 cm3 1 dm = 10 cm 1 dm3 = 1000 cm3 1 m3 = 1000 dm3 = 1000 000cm3
Decimal Conversions
Kin Henry g
Died
a miserable
death
called
measles
deci
1/ 10
centi
1/ 100
milli
1/ 1000
Mole Calculations
GIVEN MASS MOLAR RATIO ASKED MASS
VOLUME PARTICLES
MOLES
MOLES
VOLUME
PARTICLES
Mole Calculations
GIVEN MASS VOLUME MOLAR MOLES RATIO ASKED MASS VOLUME
MOLES
CONCENTRATION
CONCENTRATION
Mole Calculations
GIVEN MASS VOLUME MOLAR MOLES RATIO ASKED MASS VOLUME
MOLES
CONCENTRATION
Number Of particles
Standard Solution
A standard solution is one
for which the concentration is precisely known.
KMnO4
2.45g
Since
c=
n(solute)/v(solvent)
= m/Mr V The number of moles of solute (Mass) The volume of solution. These values must be accurately determined.
Mass is determined accurately using an electronic balance. Possible accuracies of 0.1 - 0.0001g Volume is measured using a volumetric flask. 250 cm3 100 cm3, 200 cm3,
Weighing Technique
Procedure - Weighing by difference.
1. 2. 3. Zero scales and clean the pan. Weigh the weighing container. Add (approximately) the required amount of salt. Take care not to drop any salt onto the pan. Transfer the salt to a clean beaker. Reweigh the weighing container. Subtract the final mass of the container from the mass of salt and container to give the mass of salt transferred to the beaker.
2.45g
KMnO4
4. 5. 6.
Mass is determined accurately using an balance (electronic or triple beam). Possible accuracies of 0.1 0.0001g
Results: Mass salt + container: Final Mass container: Mass salt transferred:
Volumetric Flask
Making a standard solution.
1. 2. 3. Rinse a clean & dry 100 cm3 beaker with a little distilled water. Transfer the correctly weighed amount of salt to the beaker. Ensure NO SALT IS LOST. Add 50 - 80 cm3 water the salt and stir gently with a glass rod until all salt is dissolved. DO NOT REMOVE THE ROD FROM THE SOLUTION NOR ALLOW ANY DROPS OF SOLUTION TO ESCAPE. Add ALL the solution to volumetric flask via funnel. Ensure glass rod and beaker are thoroughly rinsed. (Include rinsings.) Add enough solvent to bring the level up to the mark.
4.
5.
EG:
If 3.00 dm3 of nitrogen are reacted to produce ammonia, what volume of hydrogen will be required? (At STP)
H2 + N2 --> NH3
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
3H2 + N2 --> 2NH3 n(N2) = v/Mv = 3/22.4 = 0.134mol N2 : H2 1:3 n(H2) = 3(N2) n(H2) = 3(0.13) = 0.401mol v(H2) = n(H2)Mv = 0.401(22.4) = 8.98dm3
4.
Calculate the quantity asked for. (Volume V = n x Mv) Mv = 22.4dm3 At STP v(O2) = n(O2)Mv = 12.24(22.4) = 275 dm3 (2)
3.
4.
Mixed example
Ammonia gas is made by reacting ammonium chloride with calcium hydroxide according to: