BLDG.

TECH III CONCRETE AND STEEL GROUP 1 PRESENTATION PART 1

HYDRAULIC CEMENT
is a bonding agent that reacts with water to form a hard stone like substance that is resistant to disintegration in water. Most hydraulic cement has specific combination of silicate and aluminates of lime. Cement is the bonding agent of rock materials called aggregate which act as filler.

PORTLAND CEMENT
Is widely used in various small and large constructions including roads and highways. Portland cement is not a brand but a type of hydraulic cement. In 1824 Joseph Apsdin, introduced the name of Portland, that he than patented.

TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT

TYPE I is used in general construction where the special properties are specified. TYPE II for general construction exposed to moderate sulfate action or where moderate heat of hydration is required.. TYPE III is used where high early strength is necessary TYPE IV is used when high sulfate resistance is required

POZZOLAN CEMENT
Is an amorphous silica that harden as a silica gel by reacting chemically with alkali in the presence of water. Pozzolan is derived from italian word pozzuoli, It was an italian town where the suvstance was found.

WATER
Water acceptable for drinking purposes is also satisfactory for use in concrete mixing

ADMIXTURE
As defined by ASTM, admixture is a material other than water, aggregates or portland cement, that is used as an ingredient added to the batch immediately before or during its mixing.

AIR-ENTRAINING ADMIXTURE
Materially improves the durability of concrete in entraining billions of microscopic air bubbles distributed throughout the matrix of the concrete. These tiny air bubbles are large in volume in comparison with the capillary voids and the gel pores in portland cement. The air bubbles create space for the relief of pressure built up in the smaller cavities when they are filled with water that expands when it freezes.

PURPOSE OF ADMIXTURES
To improve workabality or consistency of concrete.
To improve the durability of the concrete mix.

To increase strength.
To accelerate strength development. Retard or accelerate initial setting. Reduce evolution of heat Control alkali aggregate expansion. Increase density and reduce permeability.

AGGREGATES
Are inert materials when bound together into a conglomerated mass by Portland cement and water from concrete, mortar and plaster. The aggrgates component is about 75% of the total mass of concrete.

COURSE AGGREGATES FINE AGGREGATES

COURSE AGGREGATES

Limestone or calcium bearing materials Basalts, granite and related igneous rocks Sandstone or quartzites Rock such as opal and chert composed mainly of amorphous silicon dioxide

CONDITIONS FOR MAXIMUM SIZE OF COURSE AGGREGATES

It shall easily fit into the forms and in between reinforcing bars.

It should not be larger than 1/5 of the narrowest dimension of the forms or 1/3 of the depth of the slab nor of the minimum distance between the reinforcing bars.

FINE AGGREGATES

Is generally the product of natural disintegration of silica-bearing or calcium bearing rock. Fine aggregate or sand are those that passes through no. 4 sieve and predominantly retained by a no. 200 sieve. It is also manufactured from large pieces of aggregate by crushing grinding or rolling.

BLDG. TECH III CONCRETE AND STEEL GROUP 1 PRESENTATION PART 2

CONCRETE
Is an artificial stone as a result of mixing cement, fine aggregate and water. The conglomeration of these materials producing a solid mass is called Plain concrete. Concrete in which reinforcement is embedded in a manner that the two materials act together in resisting forces is called Reinforcement Concrete.

WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE
CONCRETE is said to be workable in the following conditions:

Property proportioned for transport and placed without segregation. Aggregates uniformly distributed.
Easily molded into desired shapes and completely fill the space it is to occupy. Easily finished.

WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE
CONSISTENCY. Degree of wetness or slump of the concrete
mixture. It varies directly with the amt of water in mixture.

PLASTICITY. Is the ease with which fresh concrete can be

molded or deformed without segregation.

MOBILITY. Is the capacity of concrete to move or flow,

particularly during vibration.

STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
WATER TIGHTNESS

ABRASION RESISTANCE

DURABILITY.

The durability of concrete is its ability to resist forces of deterioration such as:
Freezing and thawing of water saturated concrete

Expansion caused by the reaction between reactive aggregates and alkali in cement.

Reaction between soil and water sulfate and the hydrated Portland Cement.

Expansion and shrinkage caused by wetting and drying.

CHEMICAL RESISTANCE
Concrete could be protected by application of any of the following:
Composition and fineness of cement Cement water ratio of the paste The time of curing Manner of curing Temperature Presence of entrained air.

TYPES OF CONCRETE
according to weight
LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE

MEDIUM STONE CONCRETE

HEAVY WEIGHT CONCRETE

LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE. is classified into three:

Low Density Concrete. Is used for insulation purposes.
Its unit weight would rarely exceed 50 pounds per cubic foot or 800 kgs. Per cubic meter.

Moderate Strength Concrete. Has a unit weight of 360

to 960 kg. per cubic meter with a compressive strength of 70 to 176 per square centimeter commonly used to fill light gauge steel floor panels.

Structural Concrete. Has similarity with moderate

strength. It weighs 90 120 pounds per cubic foot. Used in buildings, roads, bridges, etc.

MEDIUM STONE CONCRETE. is an structural concrete,

weighs 2,325 to 2435 kg. per cubic meter.

HEAVY WEIGHT CONCRETE. is used as shield against

gamma rays reactor. It contains cement , heavy iron ores, crushed rock, steel scraps, punching or shot as an aggregate.

Heavy Rock Aggregates. Weighs 3200kg per cubic

meter.

Iron Punching. Added to high density ores

CONCRETE PROPORTIONING
CONCRETE PROPORTIONING provides balance between the requirements of: ECONOMY. DURABILITY. WORKABILITY. APPEARANCE. STRENGTH.

SAND CLASS OF MIXTURE CEMENT 40 KG. CUBIC FT.

1 1

GRAVEL CUBI C FT.

3

CUBIC M.
0.043

CUBIC M.
0.085

AA

2.0

0.057

0.113

0.071

0.142

3.0

0.085

0.170

COMMENTS
Water cement ratio is best determined by the trial bathc method during the actual mixing operation to establish the right amount of water.

Mixture should be in a workable state. Neither be too dry or too wet.

Established water cement ratio must be adjusted whenever necessary. In example, during changes in weather conditions. All conveying devices intended for delivering concrete, should be cleaned, free from rainwater before use to avoid additional water to ready mixed concrete.

CONCRETE TESTING

SLUMP TEST.

SLUMP TEST PROCEDURE

TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION Reinforced foundation wall and footing Plain footing, caissons and sub structure walls

MAXIMUM CM.
13 10 15

MINIMUM CM.
5 2.5 7.5

Slab, beam and reinforced walls

Building columns Pavement Heavy mass construction

15 7 7

7.5 5 2.5

CONCRETE TESTING

COMPRESSION TEST.

COMPRESSION TEST PROCEDURE

1. For course aggregate not more than 5 cm diameter, prepare a cylindrical specimen 15 cm diameter and 30 cm long. 2. For course aggregat more than 5cm prepare a cylindrical specimen with a diameter 3 times the maximum size of the aggregate and a height double its diameter,

3. The mold should be made of metal placed on a plane surface preferably 612 mm plate
4. Place the fresh concrete inside the mold in 3 separate equal layers rodded separately with 16mm rod 25 strokes 5. Level surface with trowel and cover with a glass or plane steel. 6. After 4 hrs, cover the specimen with a thin layer of cement paste and cover again with plane metal or glass

COMPRESSION TEST PROCEDURE

7. After 24 hrs, start curing in a moist atmosphere at 21 degrees centigrade 8. Test should be done at 7 28 days period 9. Be sure that both ends of the specimen are perfectly levelled. 10. Specimen is placed under a testing machine and a compresive load is applied until the specimen fails. The load that causes the specimen to fail is recorded. 11. The recorded load divided by the cross sectional area of the cylinder gives the ultimate compressive unit of stress of the sample.

MIXING CONCRETE
CENTRALIZED READY MIXED PLANT

MOBILE MIXING. Cement and aggregates are loaded in amobile mixer at the batching plant and then mixing operation is done on its way to the job site.

MIXING CONCRETE
CENTRALIZED READY MIXED PLANT

STATIONARY MIXING. The concrete is mixed before it is loaded inside the truck mixer where the paste is only agitated. Also refers to mixers installed on the site.

MIXING CONCRETE
CENTRALIZED READY MIXED PLANT HAND MIXING. A good concrete can be produced also by hand mixing, provided that the fine and coarse aggregates are clean and well graded. If about one half as much water as cement by weight is used and mixing is done properly, the result will be a good quality concrete.

DEPOSITING CONCRETE
Depositing of concrete should be done as early as practicable in its final place to avoid segregation of particles due to re handling or flowing into spaces between reinforcing bars. Concrete that has partially hardened or contaminated should not be deposited in the structure. Concrete should all be thoroughly worked around the reinforcement, embedded fixtures and into the corners of the form.

Concrete should be discharged from the truck within 1 hours after the water is poured to the batch.

SEGREGATION OF PARTICLES
Means the separation of sand and stone from the paste. It is caused by:

Transferring of the concrete from the mixer to the forms. Dropping of the mixture from a high elevation Improper tamping and spading Use of long chutes Excess amount of tamping, vibrating or pudding in the forms Lateral movement such as the flow

SEGREGATION OF PARTICLES
FACTORS THAT REGULATE THE STENGTH OF CONCRETE

Correct proportions of ingredients Suitability or quality of the materials Proper methods of mixing Proper placement inside form Protection of concrete during period of curing

CURING CONCRETE
METHODS APPLIED IN CURING SURFACE CONCRETE

Covering the surface with burlap continuously wet for the period of curing as specified

Covering the slab with a layer of wet sand or saw dusts one inch thick

Wet straw or hay on top of slab continuously watered Continuous sprinkling of water on the slab surface Avoid early removal of the forms. This will permit undue evaporation of moisture in the concrete.