Operational Amplifier

EE 173 Electronics Circuits II

1

1. Operational Amplifiers
1.1 Introduction
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Ideal Op-Amp Characteristics

Infinite input impedance Zero output impedance Zero-common mode gain or , or equivalently, infinite common-mode rejection Infinite open-loop gain A Infinite bandwidth

Fig. 1.1 Basic Op-amp

Typical Applications
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Provide voltage amplitude changes (amplitude & polarity) Oscillators Filter circuits Instrumentation circuits applications Areas in analog computations circuits 2
EE 173 ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS II JAH

Contn The Op-Amp terminals

Fig. 1.2 Circuit symbol of the op-amp

Fig. 1.3 3

Contn

Fig. 1.4 Equivalent circuit of the ideal op-amp

Contn
The inner side

Fig. 1.5 the two stage op-amp

Contn

Contn

Contn
Single-Ended Input Operation

Double-Ended (differential) Input Operation

Contn
Double-Ended Output Operation

Fig. 1.6

two amplified output of opposite polarity

Fig. 1.7

same operation with a single output

measured between output terminal not w.r.t. ground.

Contn
Double-Ended Output Operation
1. 2. 3. Output measured not w.r.t . ground The difference output signal vo1 vo2, referred as floating signal The difference output is twice as large as either vo1-vo2 since they are of opposite polarity & subtracting them results in twice their amplitude.

Differential input, differential output

10

Contn
Common-mode Operation
when same input signals are applied to both inputs.

- ideally, the two inputs are equally amplified and since they result in opposite polarity signals at the output, signals cancel, resulting 0V output. - practically, a small output signal result

Fig. 1.8 Common-mode operation

Common-mode Rejection
signals which are opposite at the inputs are highly amplified.

signals which are common to the two inputs are only slightly amplified. - the overall operation is to amplify the difference signal while rejecting the common signal at the two inputs. 11

Contn
1.2 Differential & Common-mode Operation
important features amplification of the opposite input signals is much greater

than that of the common input signals, circuit provides a common-mode rejection described by CMRR.

CMRR Common-Mode Rejection Ratio

the ability of rejecting common-mode signal.

(1.1)

(1.2)

12

Contn

Fig. 1.9 Example graph of getting CMRR 13

Contn

(1.3)

(1.4)

14

Contn

(1.5)

15

Contn
Equations (1.3) & (1.4) can be used to express the input signal Vi1 & Vi2 in terms of their differential & common-mode components as follows:
(1.6) (1.7)

These equations (1.6) & (1.7) can in turn lead to the pictorial representation below

Fig. 1.10 Representation of input signal sources Vi1 & Vi2 in terms of their differential & common-mode components 16

Contn Opposite Polarity Inputs

while the resulting common voltage is

thus, resulting output voltage is

Same Polarity Inputs

while the resulting common voltage is

thus, resulting output voltage is

17

Contn Example 1.1

Calculate the CMRR for the circuit measurements shown in Fig. 1.11

Fig. 1.11 (a) differential mode, (b) common-mode

18

Contn Solution

while

the value of CMRR is

which can also be expressed as

19

Contn NOTE
Op-amp desired operation should have a very large Ad , with Ac very small.

Signal components of opposite polarity will appear greatly amplified at the output. Signal components that are in phase will mostly cancel out , thus Ac is very small. Ideally, CMRR value is infinite. Practically, the larger the CMRR value, the better the circuit operation.

Expressing output voltage in terms of CMRR :

from equation (1.5)

Using equation (1.1)

the large value of CMRR, the output voltage will be due mostly to the difference signal, with the common components greatly reduced or rejected. 20