DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Presented by: Manoj Kr. Baniya

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WHAT IS DATABASE?
A database is a collection of data organized to serve many applications efficiently by centralizing the data and controlling redundant data. Rather than storing data in separate files for each application, data are stored so as to appear to users as being stored in only one location.

A database can be of any size and complexity. A database is designed, built and populated with data for a specific purpose. It has an intended group of users and some preconceived applications in which these users are interested.

WHAT IS DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM?

A Database management systems (DBMS) is collection of programs (Software) that enables users to create, centralize, manage and provide access to the stored data by application programs. The DBMS is general purpose software system that facilitates the processes of defining, constructin, manipulating and sharing database among various users and application. Defining a database involves specifiying the data types, structures and constraints of the data to be stored in tthe database. Constructing the database is the process of storing the data on some storage medium that is controlled by the DBMS. Manipulating a database includes functions such as querying the database to retrieve specific data, updating the database to reflect changes in the miniworld and generating reports from the data. Sharing a database allows multiple users and programs to access the database simultaneously.

Other important functins provided by the DBMS include protecting the database and maintaining it over a long period of time. Protection includes system and security protection. A typical large database may have life cycle of many years, so the DBMS must be able to maintain the database system by allowing the system to evolve as requirements change over time.

Database Management System (DBMS)

Database

Applications:

Banking: all transactions Airlines/Railways: reservations, schedules Universities: registration, grades Sales: customers, products, purchases Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply chain Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax deductions

Purpose of Database System

In the early days, database applications were built on top of file systems Drawbacks of using file systems to store data: Data redundancy and inconsistency Multiple file formats, duplication of information in different files

Difficulty in accessing data Need to write a new program to carry out each new task Data isolation multiple files and formats Integrity problems Hard to add new constraints or change existing ones

Purpose of Database Systems (Cont.)

Drawbacks of using file systems (cont.) Atomicity of updates Failures may leave database in an inconsistent state with partial updates carried out

E.g. transfer of funds from one account to another should either complete or not happen at all Concurrent access by multiple users Concurrent accessed needed for performance Uncontrolled concurrent accesses can lead to inconsistencies
E.g.

two people reading a balance and updating it at the same time

Security problems Database systems offer solutions to all the above problems

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Advantages of Using a DBMS

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Controlling Redundancy Restricting Unauthorized Access Providing Storage Structures for Efficient query Processing Providing Backup and Recovery Providing Multiple User Interfaces Representing Complex Relationships Among Data Enforcing Integrity Constraints Implications of the Database Approach

RDBMS
Most popular database system. Simple and sound theoretical basis. Developed by E F Codd in the early 1970's. The model is based on tables, rows and columns and the manipulation of data stored within. Relational database is a collection of these tables. First commercial system: MULTICS in 1978. Has overtaken Hierarchical and Network models. Main feature: Single database can be spread across several tables. Examples include: Oracle, IBM's DB2, Sybase, MySQL & Microsoft Access.

Differences between DBMS and RDBMS

DBMS

Data is stored in a single large table Single record modification affects the whole database

RDBMS (Codd 1980)

Database is 'broken down' into smaller pieces The changes will not affect the entire database

RDBMS Advantages

Increases the sharing of data and faster development of new applications Support a simple data structure, namely tables or relations Limit redundancy or replication of data Better integrity as data inconsistencies are avoided by storing data in one place Provide physical data independence so users do not have to be aware of underlying objects Offer logical database independence - data can be viewed in different ways by different users. Expandability is relatively easy to achieve by adding new views of the data as they are required. Support one off queries using SQL or other appropriate language. Better backup and recovery procedures Provides multiple interfaces Solves many problems created by other data models The ability to handle efficiently simple data types Multiple users can access which is not possible in DBMS

RDBMS Disadvantages

Software is expensive Complex software means expensive hardware Requires skilled knowledge to implement Certain applications are slower processing Increased vulnerability More difficult to recover if data is lost Seen as a poor representation of the real world Difficult to represent hierarchies Difficult to represent complex data types

Thank You

Queries are welcomed