Network Basic Knowledge and Microwave Equipment IP Address Planning

Microwave Product Customer Service Dept. 2009-1

Contents

PART 1 PART 2 PART 3

Network Protocol IP Address Plan

Examples

Network Protocol

OSI Origin

OSI Hierarchy
TCP/IP Evolution TCP/IP Structure Compare Between OSI And TCP/IP

OSI Origin

International Standardization OrganizationISO, founded the special organization to research the issue of different system hierarchy networks

interconnection, in 1977. Soon, they bring the standard frame, which can
interconnect the various computers all around the word. This is the famous Open Systems Interconnection/Reference Model, OSI/RM, OSI in brief.

OSI Hierarchy
Application
Presentation
Resource Subnet

Application software, such as: telnet, ftp etc.

Information format conversion, guarantee the reliability.

Offer value-added services: half duplex, error correct, transmission control. Screen subnet differences, offer message transport between hosts to upper layer. Use below layers, offer messages packet transfer between nodes to upper layer. Include LLC and MAC, offer no error frame message transport to upper layer. Refer communication media, offer correct bit message transport to upper layer.

Session
Transport

Network
Communication subnet

Data Link Physical

TCP/IP Evolution

TCP/IP was developed in 1970s, and it is the first internet protocol

TCP/IP :the interconnection is the biggest source of internet safety problem . TCP/IP is a group of protocols, including various protocols.

TCP/IP Hierarchy

Application Transport

Application software such as Ftp, email, Telnet and etc.

The communication between application software on source host and destination host.
Key partsend out packet to any net out-of-order.

Internet Net interface

Make up frames, transmission on the net.

Compare Between OSI And TCP/IP

OSI Reference Model TCP/IP Protocols t e l n e t

7
6 5 4 3 2 1

Application Presentation Session

f t p

s m t p

t f t p

Transport
Network Data Link

TCP UDP
IP
ICMP ARP

Physical

Review

What are the network protocols used mostly? Describe the hierarchy of the OSI Protocol. Describe the hierarchy of the TCP/IP Protocol. Compare between the OSI and TCP/IP Protocols.

IP Address Planning
IP Definition, Format and Hierarchy IP Distribution IP Elements Effects IP Classification Partition Subnet Private Address

Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM)

Classless Inter Domain Routing (CIDR) Routing Sort

IP Definition, Format and Hierarchy

Definition. An IP address is used to identify a communication unity in the net, such as one host or one port of the router. Format. IP address use 32 bits, in binary format, for easy to remember denotation in decimal separate by dot, such as:10.110.192.111 Hierarchy. An IP address consists of two parts: one identifies the network that this IP belongs to, the other identifies the host on the net.

10.110.192.111

20.130.188.144

IP Distribution
When use the TCP/IP protocol, set the IP address first. Different hosts use different IP addresses. One host can have several IP addresses (multi net cards, multi address). An IP address is consist of two parts: network identification, host identification. Such as:

11000000101010000000000000000101 11000000.10101000.00000000.00000101 192.168.0.5 www.sina.com

IP Elements Effects

IP Classification

Sort

Class A Class B
Class C Summary

Sort1

Sort2
0 Network(7bit)
Host(24bit)

Class A

1 0 Network(14bit)

Host(16bit)

Class B

Network(21bit) 1 1 0

Host(8bit)

Class C

1 1 1 0

Broadcast

Class D

1 1 1 1 0

Reserve

Class E

Class A

Class B

Class C

Summary

Symbol bit: 1bit

Net symbol: 7 bits

Host symbol: 24 bits

Class A:

1126

2242 hosts

Symbol bit: 2 bits

Net symbol: 14 bits 128191

Host symbol: 16 bits 2162

Class B:

10

Symbol bit: 3 bits

Net symbol: 21 bits

192223

Host symbol: 8 bits

282254

Class C:
110

Partition Subnet

Cause

Method
Process

Examples

Cause1

Because of the great quantities in Class

A, B, C, to manage the network and decrease the network flow, divide the hosts into small networks.

Internet

Network

131.108.0.0

Cause2
Internet

131.108.0.0
131.108.5.0 131.108.2.0 131.108.4.0 131.108.6.0 131.108.1.0 131.108.3.0 131.108.9.0 131.108.10.0 131.108.8.0 131.108.7.0 131.108.11 .0

Method1
Subnet mask Use 32-bit binary number to logical multiply the former IP address to divide subnets. Address hierarchy The subnet IP Address consists of three parts: net identification, subnet identification, host identification. Conditions Host and subnet address shall not be all 0 or 1.

Method2

Method3

Process1
1 Convert the quantity of subnets needed to the format 2m. Example:
Now we need 8 subnets, so 8=23. If the number is not power of 2, choose the larger number. For example, 6 subnets are needed, we shall also consider 23.

Use m bits in the host bits according to the m in last step. Convert the host bits into decimal number.

Example:
If m is 3, then 3 bits of host bits are used by network identification.

Process2
Example:
The

network identification is 192.9.200.0/24, now divide into four subnets : 192.9.200.0/26 192.9.200.64/26 192.9.200.128/26 192.9.200.192/26

Example1

There is a Class C segment 192.168.1.1192.168.1.254. Now we want to divide the segment into five subnets, how to set the subnet mask and what is the range of IP address for each subnet?

Example2
1. Class C hosts address is X.X.X.1254 2. Take three bits from the host identification as the subnet identification; 3. Calculate the subnet mask: 255.255.255.224, for(11100000)2(224)10; 4. Calculate the range of each subnet.

subnet
1 2 3 4 5 6

Network address
192.168.1.32 192.168.1.64 192.168.1.96 192.168.1.128 192.168.1.160 192.168.1.192

IP range
192.168.1.33192.168.1.62 192.168.1.65192.168.1.94 192.168.1.97192.168.1.126 192.168.1.129192.168.1.158 192.168.1.161192.168.1.190 192.168.1.193192.168.1.222

Private Address

Variable Length Subnet Mask VLSM

VLSM is one multi-level subnet partition technique. 192.168.1.32/27
192.168.1.160/30

192.168.1.64/27 Inform 192.168.1.0

192.168.1.164/30 192.168.1.168/30

ISP

192.168.1.96/27

192.168.1.172/30

192.168.1.128/27

Classless Inter Domain Routing (CIDR)

CIDR can be used to gather the IP Addresses, decrease the size of the router table, enhance the network expansibility.

198.168.1.0

Internet

Inform Route 198.168.0.0/16

198.168.2.0

ISP
198.168.3.0

Routing Sort

There are two classical router selection modes: Static routing: set the fix router table in the router. Dynamic routing: communication among the routers in the network, transport the router message, then update the router table. Interior Gateway ProtocolIGPRIP,OSPF Exterior Gateway ProtocolEGPBGP,BGP-4

Review

1What are the parts of an IP Address?

Examples
NEC NEO/c Equipment Network Configuration Instance

ZXMW PR10 Equipment IP Configuration

PR10 and SR10 Network Topology ZXMW SR10 Network Management Model

ZXMW PR10 and ZXMW SR10 Interconnection

Ethiopia GSM Secondary Upgrade Project

NEC NEO/c Equipment Net Configure Instance

NEC NEO/c Equipment Net Configure Instance 1 NEC NEO/c Equipment Net Configure Instance 2 NEC NEO/c Equipment Net Configure Instance 3

NEC NEO/c Equipment Net Configure Instance 1

PASOLINK NEO (ROOT NE)

PASOLINK NEO NORMAL NE1

PASOLINK NEO NORMAL NE2

PASOLINK NEO NORMAL NE3

IP:192.168.1.2 subnet mask:255.255.255.0 Gateway:192.168.1.1

General------CTRL type:ROOT NE
Radio/EM2-----IP:172.18.1.1 subnet mask:255.255.255.192 PNMS(EM1)------IP:192.168.1.1 subnet mask:255.255.255.192 Routing---------default gateway: IP:192.168.1.2

General------CTRL type:Normal NE
Radio EM1/EM2-----IP:172.18.1.2 subnet mask:255.255.255.192 Routing---------default gateway: IP:172.18.1.1

General------CTRL type:Normal NE
Radio EM1/EM2-----IP:172.18.1.3 subnet mask:255.255.255.192 Routing---------default gateway: IP:172.18.1.1

General------CTRL type:Normal NE
Radio EM1/EM2-----IP:172.18.1.4 subnet mask:255.255.255.192 Routing---------default gateway: IP:172.18.1.1

NEC NEO/c Equipment Net Configure Instance 2

PASOLINK NEO (ROOT NE1) PASOLINK NEO NORMAL NE1

IP:192.168.1.2 subnet mask:255.255.255.0 window-- CMD 1Route add 172.18.1.0 mask 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.1 2Route add 172.18.2.0 mask 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.3

General------CTRL type:ROOT NE
Radio/EM2-----IP:172.18.1.1 subnet mask:255.255.255.192 PNMS(EM1)------IP:192.168.1.1 subnet mask:255.255.255.192 Routing---------default gateway: IP:192.168.1.2

General------CTRL type:Normal NE
Radio EM1/EM2-----IP:172.18.1.2 subnet mask:255.255.255.192 Routing---------default gateway: IP:172.18.1.1

PASOLINK NEO (ROOT NE2)

PASOLINK NEO NORMAL NE2

General------CTRL type:ROOT NE
Radio/EM2-----IP:172.18.2.1 subnet mask:255.255.255.192 PNMS(EM1)------IP:192.168.1.3 subnet mask:255.255.255.192 Routing---------default gateway: IP:192.168.1.2

General------CTRL type:Normal NE
Radio EM1/EM2-----IP:172.18.2.2 subnet mask:255.255.255.192 Routing---------default gateway: IP:172.18.2.1

NEC NEO/c Equipment Net Configure Instance 3

PASOLINK NEO (ROOT NE)

PASOLINK NEO NORMAL NE1

PASOLINK NEO IP Branch NE

PASOLINK NEO NORMAL NE2

IP:192.168.1.2 subnet mask:255.255.255.0 Gateway:192.168.1.1

General------CTRL type:ROOT NE
Radio/EM2-----IP:172.18.1.1 subnet mask:255.255.255.192 PNMS(EM1)------IP:192.168.1.1 subnet mask:255.255.255.192 Routing---------default gateway: IP:192.168.1.2 172.18.1.64 255.255.255.192 gateway:172.18.1.60

General------CTRL type:Normal NE
Radio EM1/EM2-----IP:172.18.1.2 subnet mask:255.255.255.192 Routing---------default gateway: IP:172.18.1.1

General------CTRL type:Branch NE
Radio -----------IP:172.18.1.65 subnet mask:255.255.255.192 EM!/EM2-------172.18.1.60 Routing---------default gateway: IP:172.18.1.1

General------CTRL type:Normal NE
Radio EM1/EM2-----IP:172.18.1.66 subnet mask:255.255.255.192 Routing---------default gateway: IP:172.18.1.65

ZXMW PR10 Equipment IP Configuration

IP Planning Rules
IP Planning Instance Dynamic Routing Configuration OSPF Static Routing Configuration Default Gateway Configuration

SNMP Configuration
TRAP Configuration

IP Planning Rules

All IP addresses including the IP of the Q port and the Radio port of all equipments in the same station, should be in the same subnet. The IP addresses of different stations must be in different subnets.

IP Planning Instance

Dynamic Routing Configuration OSPF

If all equipments in the network are PR10, open the OSPF protocol of the ZXMW PR10 equipments. Every equipment in this net can address other equipments.

Static Routing Configuration

IF the equipment connecting to ZXMW PR10 doesnt support OSPF protocol, we need to setup static routing for ZXMW PR10. NE1 static routing.

Destination 192.168.20.0 192.168.30.0 192.168.40.0 192.168.50.0

Mask 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0

Gateway 192.168.20.3 192.168.10.4 192.168.10.4 192.168.10.4

Default Gateway Configuration

Setting the default Gateway when setting the static routing can reduce the routing items . NE1 static routing (with default Gateway).

Destination
192.168.20.0 Default Router 192.168.10.4

Mask
255.255.255.0

Gateway
192.168.20.3

SNMP Configuration

Suppose the ZXMW-EMS network management server is 10.61.120.1. Click [SecuritySNMP Manager] in the ZXMW PR10 WEB CIT. Setup SNMP on in this interface. Set IP address to 10.61.120.1 and enable it. Get Community password: public Set Community password: private

TRAP Configuration

Click [SecurityTrap Destinations] in the ZXMW PR10 WEB CIT. Setup Trap on in this interface. Set IP address to 10.61.120.1 and enable it. Trap Community password: public

ZXMW SR10 Network Management Model

SR10 equipments apply In-band management modela special algorithm based on subnet routing. It divides the whole network into different subnets, and every subnet is managed by a Gateway Network Element, which is the interface outward and response all ARP applications to the equipments in this subnet.

ZXMW PR10 and ZXMW SR10 Interconnection

ZXMW PR10 and ZXMW SR10 Network Diagram IP Configuration Rule IP PLAN TABLE

Routing Configuration

ZXMW PR10 and ZXMW SR10 Network Diagram

IP Configuration Rule

Set the NE (network element) connecting to the external network as the Gateway NE. In this example, set NE2 as the Gateway NE. IP addresses of ZXMW PR10 equipments and NMS, namely IP addresses of the external network of ZXMW SR10 equipments must not be in the subnet managed by ZXMW SR10 Gateway NE. In this example, the subnet managed by Gateway NENE2 is 10.61.123.0/28. All the IP addresses of PR10 equipments and NMS are not in this subnet. The default gateway of SR10 Gateway NE must be set to the IP address of the external equipment the Gateway NE connecting to. In this example, we set the default gateway of NE2 to the IP address of NE3: 10.61.123.100.

IP PLAN TABLE

Management Network

SR10 NE1 NMS1

10.61.123.6

PR10 NMS2 NE3 NMS3 NE4 NMS4

NE2
10.61.123.1

IP Agent/Ethern 10.61.123.5 Configuration et IP Address

10.61.123.102 10.61.123.100 10.61.123.102 172.16.129.100 172.16.129.100

Agent/Ethern 255.255.255.252 255.255.255.252 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 et IP Mask Serial IP 192.168.0.1 192.168.0.1 Address Serial IP Mask 255.255.255.0 Default Router IP Address Radio IP Address 0.0.0.0 10.61.123.5 255.255.255.0 10.61.123.100 10.61.123.1 0.0.0.0 10.61.123.101 10.61.123.100 0.0.0.0 172.16.129.101 172.16.129.102

Routing Configuration

Because of the simple topology in this example, If the topology is complex, we need to setup the static routing of the PR10 equipments, which direct to ZXMW SR10 Network (the method is the same with interconnecting Harris equipments). ZXMW SR10 equipments dont need additional routing configuration.

Ethiopia GSM Secondary Upgrade Project

Project Analysis Subnet Partition

Project Analysis

There are 7 districts in Ethiopia GSM secondary upgrade project national network (six districts and the capital district). The range of network appointed by the customer is 10.234.0.0/16 10.235.0.0/16, two Class B networks. 10.234.0.0/16 is available, and 10.235.0.0/16 network is preserved for future capacity expansion.

Subnet Partition 1
1. Because Ethiopia has 6 districts and 1 capital district, we need to take 3 bits as subnet identification. Divide the appointed segment 10.234.0.0/16 into 8 /19 segments: 10.234.0.0/19 10.234.32.0/19 10.234.64.0/19 10.234.96.0/19 10.234.128.0/19 10.234.160. 0/19 10.234.192.0/19 10.234.224.0/19 Appoint the 7 segments for the 7 districts including 6 districts and 1 capital district, the last one is reserved.

Subnet Partition 2
2. For each district, look up for the optical node which hang the most the hops, then divide the segments in Step 1 according to the maximum equipments quantity and the total hops quantity of this optical node. For each optical node, divide the segments in Step 2 into subnets. The method is the same with Step 2.

3.