Growth and Development: Infancy Through Adolescence

Eleven

Prenatal Development Germinal Stage

Rapid cell division within 36 hours of conception Zygote travels through the fallopian tube to the uterus and attaches to the uterine wall in about 2 weeks Supportive tissue begin development
Placenta, amniotic sac, umbilical cord

Embryonic State of Development

Next 6 weeks, embryo grows rapidly Nervous system most rapidly developing Heart beat at about 3.5 weeks Arm/leg buds appear at 5 weeks Spinal cord visible to ultrasound at 7 weeks 95% of body parts formed by the 8th week

 Organs and systems become defined and start to function Rapid growth continues until birth External genitalia appear in the 3rd month Long bones visible on x-ray in the 4th month. Fetus 10-12 inches long and weighs 1lb at 5 months

Fetal Stage of Development

Multiple Births
More than one ovum fertilized= fraternal twins Single zygote separates into two or more blastocysts=identical twins Use of fertility drugs may cause the release of multiple ova, usually resulting in multiple fraternal siblings

Maturation From Girl to Woman

Pubertyonset between 9 and 17 years of age (average around 12) FSH stimulates the ovaries to begin producing estrogen Estradiol from the ovaries responsible for appearance of secondary sex characteristics

Slide 10-1

Maturation From Girl to Woman, cont.

Includes: Breast development Widening of the hips Appearance of axillary and pubic hair Reproductive organs continue development FSH stimulates the development of ova and menstruation begins
Slide 10-2

Maturation From Boy to Man

Pubertyonset at about 14 years of age Interstitial cell stimulating hormone activates testes to begin producing sperm Secondary sex characteristics begin to appear and include enlargement of sex organs, lowering of voice Growth of facial, pubic, and axillary hair; increased bone and muscle size; nocturnal emissions occur
Slide 10-3

Age Groups
Prenatal conception to birth Infancy birth to 18 months Early childhood 18 months to 6 years Middle and late childhood 7-11 years Adolescence 12-18 years

Eric Erikson (table 11-1) Trust vs. Mistrust

Birth-1year

Theories of Development

Autonomy vs. Shame

1-3 years

Initiative vs. Guilt

3-6 years

Industry vs. Inferiority

6-12 years

Theories of Development
Identity vs. Role Confusion
12-19 years

Intimacy vs. Isolation

19-25 years

Generativity vs. Stagnation

25-50 years

Ego Integrity vs. Despair

50 and older

Jean Piaget (table 11-2) Sensorimotor

Birth- 2years

Theories of Development

Preoperational
2-7years

Concrete operational
7-11years

Formal operational**
11years-death. Child has ability to think abstractly**

Lawrence Kohlberg Pre-conditional Reasoning**

Conventional Reasoning

Theories of Development

Birth-age 9 Motivated by Punishment/Reward** Begins at age 10, may continue through life

Post-conventional Reasoning
People w/internalized moral principles; Kohlberg believes only a minority of adults operate at this level

Principles of Growth and Development

Growth occurs in orderly and predictable ways** The rate of growth and development is individual Development is lifelong Development is multidimensional Development is continuous, but may be uneven
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Maternal Influence in Development

Single most important factor in a healthy pregnancy is early and regular prenatal care Second most important is mothers health Third influence is mothers age Fourth is mothers nutrition during pregnancy Fifth is emotional stresses Sixth is use of chemicals
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Infants Nutrition
Healthy newborns can manage for 12-24 hours without food Breast milk will nourish and protect with antibodies for the first months Cows milk is not advised until 10-12 months First solids are usually baby cereals, strained fruits and veggies Most can eat table food by one year Should not be given pcs of sausage, peanuts or hard candy r/t aspiration risk.

Infants Physical Growth

Newborns should double their birth weight by 5-6 months Should grow 10-12 inches the first year Eyes are dark blue or gray; permanent color develops by 9 or 10 months Ears perfectly formed at birth Touch not well differentiated at birth First teeth appear at 5-10 months
Slide 10-6 (Figure 10-1)

 Brain

Physical Growth

Grows rapidly in infancy and early childhood Newborns brain is 25% of adult size 66% of adult size by age 1 80% of adult size by age 2 Healthy diet required for stimulation of neuron development Moro reflex (startle response) can be elicited by making a loud noise near the baby, who will react by arching his/her back and assuming typical posture

 Cephalocaudal development proceeds from head to tail.** Babies can lift their heads before their chest Large muscles develop coordination before small ones Can walk before they can draw See table 11-3 pp 136 Infants reach and try to grab things crude pincer grasp

Infants Motor Development

 First stage is sensorimotor begins when babies experience things about themselves (discover toes) Most begin babbling at 3-6 months Most say their first words at 11-13 months and use two-word sentences at 18-24 months

Infants Cognitive Development

Infants Psychosocial Development

Erickson believed infants learn to trust others when they receive warm, consistent care. To develop trust they need to feel comfortable and that their needs will be met Mothers need to allow the child to signal a need Healthy babies recognize family members and show insecurity w/strangers by 6-7 months.

Physical Development Rate of growth slower Young children grow 2-3 in. & 4-6 lbs/year Nutrition is primary factor affecting growth Need 1400-1800 calories/day Vision improves from infancy, 20/20 by age 4 Full set of deciduous teeth by age 3 First dental visit between ages 2-3

Young Children

Motor Development Most children physiologically ready for toilet training by age 1-2 years Climbs stairs w/assistance by age 2 Runs up stairs w/o thinking at age 5 Fine motor skills mastered- able to draw w/crayon, stack blocks

Young Children

Young Children Cognitive Development

Curiosityoften surpasses their caution Safety is a great concern. Childproofing a home is essential Parents are primary safety teachers

Attention spans lengthen with age

Most 6-year-olds vocabulary is 8,000-14,000 words

Immunizations needed when the child starts school

Egocentricbelieve they are the center of the world.
Slide 10-7 (Figure 10-2)

 Ericksons second stage Autonomy develops for 18months-3 years. Ability to drink from a cup Need discipline (time-outs 1min/year) Learn gender roles Morals (values of right and wrong) are developed during early childhood Peers become important. Parallel play- play next to but not with each other 18 months-3years

Young Children Psychosocial Development

Middle and Older Children

Physical Growth

Ages 7-11 Grows 2-3 in and 3-5 lbs year Periods of rapid growth followed by slow or no growth By age 10 some showing pre puberty changes Changes most noticeable in length of legs, while trunk becomes slimmer Increasing coordination skills

Cognitive Development Starting to think in concrete ways Ideas organized and fixed Developing early problem solving skills Prefer to deal with black and white Have trouble dealing with maybe situations Able to classify things and consider relationships

Middle and Older Children

Psychosocial Development Developing self-concept, own personality Spend more time w/friends Assuming more responsibility Require less supervision May require different discipline than younger children, denial of privileges is often best. Eriksons Industry stage-want to accomplish things

Middle and Older Children

Physical Development 12-18 years Onset of puberty Muscle strength and endurance increase Sex hormones increase and its normal to seek sexual activity. Better sex education is direly needed Body capable of intercourse, not mentally ready for emotional aspects

Adolescents

Cognitive Development Able to analyze their own thoughts and thoughts of others Thoughts become more abstract Become aware of what others think of them Want to fit in society More egocentric Cant imagine that anything bad could happen to them

Adolescents

Adolescents
Psychosocial Development Emotions may be erratic when hormones released Serious conflicts w/parents common. Often copy peers Dating is important, it fulfills personal and social status Eriksons stage is identity vs. role confusion

Concerns in Adolescent Development

Pregnancy, teen parenting Employment-usually part-time Chemical abuse-alcohol, followed by pot and then amphetamines Eating disorders-anorexia nervosa Depression-often undiagnosed Early deaths accidents, homicide, suicide, AIDS Should have some ideas about vocation by end of stage.