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Research Methods for Business

Sampling

Asma hameed Roll # 05 MBA (3rd) M1

Each member of population

each member of sample is known as subject

A master list of the population from which the sample will be drawn

Sample

Population

Statistics

parameters

estimate

Prohibited by cost and population size Inability analyze large quantities of data

can produce sound results

Destructive sampling

The need to choose the right sample for a research investigation cannot be overemphasized. A representative sample mirrors the characteristics of the population and minimizes the errors linked with sampling

What you want to talk about

Population

What you actually observe in the data

Sampling Process Sampling Frame Inference

Sample

Using data to say something (make an inference) with confidence, about a whole (population) based on the study of only a few (sample).

Sampling is the process of selecting a sufficient number of the right elements from the right population

Phase 1

Phase 2

Phase 3

Phase 4

Phase 5

Define the population

Determine the sample frame

Determine the sampling design

Determine the appropriate sample size

Execute the sampling process

In sampling, the population may refer to the units, elements, geographic locations from which the sample is drawn.

A sampling frame is the list of elements from which the sample may be drawn.

Population

Sampling Frame

Sample

Two major types of sampling design are;

Solutions Types

Probability sampling

Non-probability sampling

Sample size depends on:

Research objective Cost and time constraints

How much sampling error can be tolerated

The acceptable risk in predicting that level of precision Size of the population Variation within the population

Probability Sampling

Non-probability Sampling

Each element of the population has a known, but not necessarily equal, probability of being selected in a sample

i.e. Sampling methods that allow us to know in advance how likely it is that any element of a population will be selected for the sample

Probability Sampling

Restricted or Complex Probability Sampling

Unrestricted or Simple Random Sampling

Systematic Sampling

Stratified Random Sampling

Cluster Sampling

Area Sampling

Double Sampling

A sampling method in which each element of the population has an equal probability of being selected.

Blind Draw Method (e.g. names placed in a hat and then drawn randomly)

Each element has equal probability of Being selected Requires little knowledge about Population Needs a listing Of population elements High generalizability of findings

Not as efficient as stratified random sampling This sampling process could become expensive An entirely updated list of population may not always available

Efficiency can be improved by obtaining more information about the given sample size by using complex sampling procedures

Systematic Sampling
The first element is selected randomly from a list or from sequential files, and then every nth element is selected.

1st element is selected randomly from list, nth element is selected Requires large sampling frame

Needs a listing Of population elements

For example telephone directory, company payroll Easy to use, less expensive then SRS Systematic biases are possible

If the sampling interval is 8 for a study in this neighborhood, every element of the sample will be a house on the northwest cornerand thus the sample will be biased.

In Simple Random Sampling

The gap, or period between successive elements is random, uneven, has no particular pattern In Systematic Sampling

Gaps between elements are equal and Constant

Requires the researcher to partition the target population into relatively homogeneous subgroups that are distinct and nonoverlapping

weekday-weekend; gender; type of travel; season; size of operation; etc.

1
Population is Separated into homogeneous strata & a sample is taken from each The results are then combined to get the picture of the total population

2 Proportionate
If the sample is drawn in proportion To their original numbers In the population

3
Disproportionate Based on criteria other then their original population numbers

Most efficient when differentiated information is needed All groups can be adequately sampled Comparisons between groups are possible Sampling frame for each stratum is essential More time consuming than SRS & system sampling

A form of probability sampling method by which the population is divided into groups (clusters) .Then a random sample of clusters is drawn and from each selected cluster its all elements or a sample of elements are included in the sample.

counties; entry points (put-in and take-outs); time of day, city blocks, road or trail segments.

Area Sampling
One special type of cluster sampling is called area sampling, where pieces of geographical areas are selected. Like districts, housing blocks or townships Multi stage sampling

several levels of clusters, often including both stratified and cluster sampling techniques

Heterogeneity within groups and homogeneity among group Faster and less expensive then SRS Does not require a list of members Elements are hard to reach and identify

You cannot assume that one cluster is better or worse then other

When further information is needed from the same subset of the group from which some information already been collected for the same study

Not every element of the target population has a chance of being selected because the inclusion or exclusion of elements in a sample is left to the discretion of the researcher.

Non probability sampling methods are often used in qualitative research; they also are used in quantitative studies when researchers are unable to use probability selection methods.

Drawn at the convenience of the researcher. Collection of information from members of population who are conveniently available to provide it. Common in exploratory research. Does not lead to any conclusion.

this is quick less expensive it is convenient not generalize able at all

a purposive sample may be a key informant survey, which targets individuals who are particularly knowledgeable about the issues under investigation.

Judgment sampling

Quota sampling

Sampling based on some judgment, gut-feelings or experience of the researcher. Common in commercial marketing research projects. If inference drawing is not necessary, these samples are quite useful.

Subjectivity enters in here, and certain members of the population will have a smaller or no chance of selection compared to others

Generalizability is questionable meaning full way to investigate

The Quota fixes for each sub group is based on the total numbers of each group in the population. Subjects are easily chosen from targeted groups according to some predetermined number or quota

similar to proportionately stratified random sampling but the selection of the elements from the strata is done on a convenience basis.

very useful when minority participation in a study is critical no easily generalize able

In cross cultural research select matched samples in different countries Nature and type of organization studied, sampling design and subjects should be similar

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Precision and confidence are important issues in sampling as we use sample data to draw conclusions about population, we want to be on target and to know the idea of the extent of possible error.

While determining the sample size some issues like for making reasonable generalization with confidence what sample size is required, and what do Precision and confidence mean?

Closeness of estimates to the actual population parameter Precision is measured in range Smaller the range of our estimate greater will be the precision and vice versa
Example

CGPA of MBA morning Sample mean= 3.55

( 3.45 --- 3.65) Or (3.50 --- 3.60)

Certainty of estimate will really hold true for the population, Greater the range we selected greater will be the confidence and vice versa

Example CGPA of MBA morning Sample mean= 3.55

( 3.45 --- 3.65) Or (3.50 --- 3.60)

Sacrificing confidence for precision and vice versa is called trade-off Level of confidence and precision dependents on the type of study we are caring out Greater the precision needed lower will the confidence and greater the confidence needed lower will be the precision

Testing of any assumption for the population to be hold true through estimate is called hypothesis

Roscoe(1975) rules for determining sample size

Sample >30 and <500 are appropriate

subsamples sample of 30 for each category is necessary

For simple experimental research sample size of 10-20 is good

It uses non probability sampling, purposive sampling, theoretical sampling and the sample should reflect the diversity of the population

Awareness about sampling design helps managers to;

Understand why a particular method should be used Helps in understanding trade-off between precision and confidence

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