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Elektronika Dasar
1
OPERASIONAL AMPLIFIER
OP-AMP

Jurusan Teknik Elektro
2012
2
Op-amp : suatu IC analog
+
_
Input 1
Input 2
output
+ V
CC
- V
EE
SIMBOL
SIFAT IDEAL
3
Ideally,
1. No current can enter terminals
V
+
or V
-
. Called infinite input
impedance.

2. V
out
=A(V
+
- V
-
) with A
3. In a circuit
V
+
is forced equal to V
-

4. An opamp needs two voltages
to power it V
cc
and -V
ee
.

A
V
OUT
= (AV - AV )
= A (V - V )
+
+
-
-
4
Operational Amplifier (Op Amp)
An operational amplifier (Op Amp)
is an integrated circuit of a
complete amplifier circuit.
Op amps have an extremely high
gain (A=10
5
typically).
Op amps also have a high input
impedance (R=4 M , typically)
and a low output impedance
(in order of 100 , typically) .

-
+
V
i1

V
out

A
B
V
i2

( )A V V V
i i out 1 2
=
5
Characters of Operational
Amplifiers
high open loop gain
high input impedance
low output impedance
low input offset voltage
low temperature coefficient of
input offset voltage
low input bias current
wide bandwidth
large common mode rejection
ratio (CMRR)
1 2 3 4
8
7 6 5
Offset null
Offset null
Not used
6
Q1 Q2
D1
D2
Q3
R
2
R
1
R
3
R
4
Q5
C1
R
5
Q4
7
8
Voltage Output from an Amplifier
The linear range of an
amplifier is finite, and limited
by the supply voltage and the
characteristics of the
amplifier.
A
Linear
region
Non-linear
region
V
out

V
in

Daerah Linier ini sangat Kecil
If an amplifier is driven
beyond the linear range
(overdriven), serious errors
can result if the gain is
treated as a constant.
Kalau A = 10
6
dan V
CC
= 12 Volt
maka daerah linier = 24 V
V
in
= V
2
-V
1
OPAMP: COMPARATOR
(bekerja di daerah jenuh)
9
V
out
=A(V
in
V
ref
)
If V
in
>V
ref
, V
out
= + but practically
hits +ve power supply = V
cc
If V
in
<V
ref
, V
out
= - but practically
hits ve power supply = -V
ee
V
cc
-V
ee
V
IN
V
REF
Application: detection of a complex signal in ECG
A (gain)
very high
V
out
A
10
OPAMP: ANALYSIS
The key to op amp analysis is simple
1. No current can enter op amp input terminals.
=> Because of infinite input impedance
2. The +ve and ve (non-inverting and inverting)
inputs are forced to be at the same potential.
=> Because of infinite open loop gain
3. Use the ideal op amp property in all your
analysis
11
Inverting Amplifier
(bekerja di daerah linier)
Point B is grounded, point A is
called Virtual Grounded.
Voltage across R
1
is V
in
, and
across R
F
is V
out.

The output node voltage
determined by Kirchhoff's
Current Law (KCL).
Circuit voltage gain determined
by the ratio of R
1
and R
F.
1
R
R
V
V
G
F
in
out
= =
-
+
V
in

V
out

R
1

R
F

A
B
F
F
R R
R R
R
+
=
1
1
3
12
PENGUAT INVERTING
(bekerja di daerah linier)
Kondisi fisik
1
R
2
R
1
2
3
4
8
7
6
5
input
output
R
3
13
OPAMP: INVERTING
AMPLIFIER
1. V
-
= V
+
2. As V
+
= 0, V
-
= 0 (VG)
3. As no current can
enter V
-
and from
Kirchoffs Ist law, I
1
=I
2
.
4. I
1
= (V
IN
- V
-
)/R
1
= V
IN
/R
1

5. I
2
= (0 - V
OUT
)/R
2
= -V
OUT
/R
2
=> V
OUT
= -I
2
R
2
6. From 3 and 6, V
OUT
= -I
2
R
2
= -I
1
R
2
= -V
IN
R
2
/R
1
(NEG)
7. Therefore V
OUT
= (-R
2
/R
1
)V
IN
14
Analysis of Inverting Amplifier
Ideal transfer characteristics:
-
+
V
in

V
out

R
1

R
F

A
B
R
i
+

i
F

i
1

i
-

-

0 = =
+
i i
+
=V V
F F
i i i i = + =
1
F
out
F
IN
R
V V
i and
R
V V
i

=

=


1
1
0 0 0 = = =
+ +
V V i
F
out IN
R
V
R
V
=
1
or
1
R
R
V
V
F
in
out
=
V
IN
KCL at A:
15
OPAMP: NON INVERTING AMPLIFIER
(bekerja di daerah linier)
1. V
-
= V
+
2. As V
+
= V
IN
, V
-
= V
IN
3. As no current can enter
V
-
and from Kirchoffs Ist
law, I
1
=I
2
.
4. I
1
= V
x
/R
1
=V
IN
/R
1
5. I
2
= (V
OUT
- V
IN
)/R
2
V
OUT
= V
IN
+ I
2
R
2
6. V
OUT
= I
1
R
1
+ I
2
R
2
= (R
1
+R
2
)I
1
= (R
1
+R
2
)V
IN
/R
1
7. Therefore V
OUT
= (1 + R
2
/R
1
)V
IN
(tak berlawanan)
V
x
16
Op-amp circuit is a voltage divider.
Noninverting Amplifier
-
+
V
in

V
out

R
1

R
F

A
B
F
out A
R R
R
V V
+
=
1
1
1
1
R
R
V
V
G
F
in
out
+ = =
Circuit voltage gain determined by the ratio of R
1
and R
F.
Point V
A
equals to V
in
.
OPAMP : VOLTAGE FOLLOWER (BUFER)
(bekerja di daerah linier)
17
V
+
= V
IN
.
V
-
= V
+
Thus V
out
= V
-
= V
+
= V
IN
!!!!
So whats the point ?
The point is, due to the infinite input impedance of
an op amp, no current at all can be drawn from
the circuit before V
IN
. Thus this part is effectively
isolated.
Very useful for interfacing to high impedance
sensors such as microelectrode, microphone

i =0
18
Differential Amplifier
Point B is grounded, so does point A
(very small).
Voltage across R
1
is V
1
, and across R
2

is V
2.

Normally: R
1
= R
2
, and R
F
= R
3.

Commonly used as a single op-amp
instrumentation amplifier.

) (
1 2
1
V V
R
R
V
F
out
=
R
F

-
+
V
1

V
out

R
1

A
B
R
3

V
2

R
2

19
Analysis of an Instrumentation
Amplifier
Design a single op-amp instrumentation
amplifier.
R
1
= R
2
, R
F
= R
3

Determine the instrumentation gain.
-
+
V
1

V
out

R
1

R
F

A
B
R
3

V
2

R
2

A
F
OUT A A
i
R
V V
R
V V

1
1
3 2
2
R
V
i
R
V V
B
B
B
= +

0 =
B A
i i
2
2
3 1
1
R
V V
R
V
R
V V
R
V V
B B
F
OUT A A

+

( ) ( ) ( )
1
1 2
R
V V V V
R
V V V
B A
F
B A OUT

=

) (
1 2
1
V V
R
R
V
F
out
=
B A
V V ~
SUMMING AMPLIFIER
(

+ + =
3
3
2
2
1
1
V
R
R
V
R
R
V
R
R
V
F F F
out
20
V
OUT
= -R
f
(V
1
/R
1
+ V
2
/R
2
+ + V
n
/R
n
)
I
f
Recall inverting
amplifier and
I
f
= I
1
+ I
2
+ + I
n
Summing amplifier is a good example of analog circuits serving as analog
computing amplifiers (analog computers)!
Note: analog circuits can add, subtract, multiply/divide (using logarithmic
components, differentiat and integrate in real time and continuously.
21
For the following circuit, calculate the
input resistance.
R1
Rf
R2
V
in

V
out

22
INSTRUMENTATION
AMPLIFIER
23
INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
Inverting
amplifier
Non-inverting
amplifier
very high
input
impedance
- So, you can
connect to
sensors
Differential amplifier ->
it rejects common-mode
interference -> so you
can reject noise
Gain in the multiple stages: i.e.
High Gain so, you can
amplify small signals
INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER:
STAGE 1
24
I
1
Recall virtual ground of opamps
I
1
= (V
1
V
2
)/R
1
Recall no current can enter
opamps and Kirchoffs current law
I
2
= I
3
= I
1
Recall Kirchoffs voltage law
V
OUT
= (R
1
+ 2R
2
)(V
1
V
2
)/R
1

= (V
1
V
2
)(1+2R
2
/R
1
)


I
2
I
3
I
1
INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER:
STAGE 2
25
I
1
Recall virtual ground of opamps
and voltage divider
V
-
= V
+
= V
B
R
4
/(R
3
+ R
4
)

Recall no current can enter
opamps
(V
A
V
-
)/R
3
= (V
-
V
OUT
)/R
4
Solving,
V
OUT
= (V
A
V
B
)R
4
/R
3
I
2
I
3
V
A
V
B
26
INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER:
COMPLETE
V
OUT
= (V
1
V
2
)(1 + 2R
2
/R
1
)(R
4
/R
3
)
27
As force is applied on the sensor, the value of the variable resistor
changes which results in a specific voltage output.

Gain = Vout/Vin = 1 Resistor Values for the Inverting OP-Amp can
be changed to modify gain of converter or to amplify the signal of
interest.


Analog Signal Conditioner
(Current to Voltage Converter, LM-324)
+5 VDC
Sensor
Variable Resistor
4.7k
10k
10k
5k
V
out
0-5
VDC
I
1
I
2
I
3
28
KOMPARATOR
Rangkaian komparator digunakan untuk membandingkan
tegangan masukan dan tegangan referensi.
Tegangan keluaran hanya ada dua kondisi yaitu tegangan
tinggi atau rendah (negatif). Kondisi ini ditentukan oleh
besarnya tegangan masukan apakah lebih tinggi terhadap
tegangan referensi atau lebih rendah.
Persoalan dalam komparator sederhana adalah stabilitas. Bila
tegangan masukan bervariasi sekitar tegangan referensi maka
tegangan keluaran akan berubah-ubah tidak stabil.
Hal tersebut dapat dihilangkan dengan rangkaian schmitt.


29
KOMPARATOR SEDERHANA
30
KURVA HUBUNGAN TEGANGAN
Vi < Vr

Vo = +Vsat
Vi > Vr

Vo = -Vsat
Vr>0
31
KURVA HUBUNGAN TEGANGAN
Vi < Vr

Vo = +Vsat
Vi > Vr

Vo = -Vsat
Vi
Vo
Vr=0
32
KURVA HUBUNGAN TEGANGAN
Vi < Vr

Vo = +Vsat
Vi > Vr

Vo = -Vsat
Vi
Vo
Vr<0
33
STABILITAS KOMPARATOR
SEDERHANA
V
cc
/2
V
in

R
V
cc

R
Teganga
n
masukan
Tegangan
keluaran
V
CC
/2
34
RANGKAIAN SCHMITT
Positive Feedback
Rangkaian ini disebut komparator
Schmitt trigger.
Rangkaian resistor membuat positive
feedback.
R
V
out

R
V
out
/2
V
in

35
CARA KERJA Schmitt trigger
Anggap tegangan masukan kecil, tegangan keluaran menjadi tinggi.
Bila V
out
is 4 V, maka masukan non-inverting V
+
adalah 2 Volt.
Kondisi keluaran tetap selama V
in
kurang dari 2 Volt.
Bila V
in
diperbesar sehingga lebih besar dari 2 V, maka V
out
akan nol, dan V
+
akan
nol juga. Kondisi output ini akan tetap, selama V
in
lebih besar 2 V.
R
V
out

R
V
out
/2
V
in

36
TAK STABIL
37
STABIL
histerisis
38
STABIL
39
STABIL
40
RANGKAIAN dan OUTPUT
41
KETERANGAN SCHMITT
Schmitt trigger adalah sebuah aplikasi comparator yang
mengubah tagangan keluaran menjadi negatif bila
mtegangan masukan lebih besar tegangan referensi.
Kemudian menggunakan negative feedback untuk
mencegah agar tegangan keluaran tdk kembali ke
kondisi semula saat tegangan kembali kurang dari
tegangan referensi, sampai nanti masukan lebih kecil
dari yang ditentukan.
42
A
P
L
I
K
A
S
I
43
PERHITUNGAN
Kerja Schmitt trigger merupakan proses komparasi dengan
threshold ganda. Persamaan arus di titik A:





Karena hanya 2 pers, maka harus ada satu R yang ditentukan
dulu.


Ingat : V
out
= V
CC
saat V
in
diatas batas atas (V
2
)
V
out
= -V
EE
saat V
in
dibawah batas bawah (V
2
).
44
u
LM741
45
NOMOR KAKI
46
47
48

49
50

51
52
KESIMPULAN
Op-amp dapat digunakan sebagai :
1. Penguat INVERTING
2. Penguat NON INVERTING
3. BUFER
4. Penguat PENJUMLAH
5. Penguat INSTRUMENTASI
6. Pengubah ARUS KE TEGANGAN atau
sebaliknya
7. KOMPARATOR

53
PR
Buktikan rumus untuk menghitung R
1
, R
2
dan R
3

pada komparator Schmitt (slide 41), bila batas
atas dan batas bawah diketahui.

Rencanakanlah sebuah komparator Schmitt
dengan menggunakan sebuah op-amp, yang
menggunakan single supply 5 Volt. Batas
tegangan yang dideteksi adalah diatas 3 Volt
memberikan tegangan output tinggi, dan
dibawah 1 Volt menghasilkan tegangan output
rendah. Tentukan nilai R yang diperlukan.
54