Chapter 10

Analytic Geometry

Circle
Let r be the radius of a circle and let ( h, k ) be the coordinates of the center of the circle. Then the equation of the circle is given by

( x h) ( y k ) r
2 2

Parabolas
Geometric definition
A parabola is the set of points in the plane equidistant from a fixed point F (called the focus) and a fixed line (called the directrix). Line segment through the focus and perpendicular to the axis, with endpoints on the parabola, is called the latus rectum, and its length is the focal diameter of the parabola.

Parabola With Vertical Axis

The graph of the equation x 2 4 py is a parabola with the following properties. Vertex V(0,0) Focus F(0,p) Directrix y = -p The parabola opens upward if p > 0 or downward if p < 0. y F(0,p) y y = -p
0 y = -p
x 2 4 py with p0

x F(0,p)

0
p0

x 2 4 py with

Parabola With Horizontal Axis

The graph of the equation y 2 4 px is a parabola with the following properties. Vertex V(0,0) Focus F(p,0) Directrix x = -p The parabola opens to the right if p > 0 or to the left if p < 0. y y x = -p F(p,0) 0 x 0 x F(p,0) x = -p
y 2 4 px with p0 y 2 4 px with p0

Ellipse
Geometric definition
An ellipse is the set of all points in the plane the sum of whose distances from two fixed points F1 and F2 is a constant. These two fixed points are the foci (plural of focus) of the ellipse.

Ellipse With Center at the Origin

The graph of each of the following equations is an ellipse with center at the origin and having the given properties. Equation
x y 2 1 2 a b a b0 a,0
2 2

Vertices Major Axis Minor Axis Foci Graph

x2 y2 2 1 2 b a a b0 0,a

Horizontal, length 2a Vertical, length 2b

c,0,

Vertical, length 2a Horizontal, length 2b

c2 a2 b2

0,c ,

c2 a 2 b2

y
F1 (c,0)

b
-b

a
F2 (c,0)

-a

-b
F1 (0,c)

-a

F2 (0, c)

Definition of Eccentricity
For the ellipse (with a>b>0), the eccentricity e is the number
c e a
x2 y2 2 1 or 2 a b x2 y2 2 1 2 b a

where c a2 b2 . The eccentricity of every ellipse satisfies 0 e 1 .

Hyperbolas
Geometric definition
A hyperbola is the set of all points in the plane, the difference of whose distances from two fixed points F1 and F2 is a constant. These two fixed points are the foci of the hyperbola.

Hyperbola with Center at the Origin

The graph of each of the following equations is a hyperbola with center at the origin and having the given properties. Equation Vertices Transverse Axis Asymptotes Foci Graph b
y a

x2 y2 2 1 2 a b (a,0)
y
(c,0),

(a 0, b 0)

y2 x2 2 1 2 a b (0,a)
y a x b

(a 0, b 0)

Horizontal, length 2a
b x a
c a b
2 2 2

Vertical, length 2a
(0,c), c2 a 2 b2

y b -a a -b

b y x a

a x b

y F1 (0, c)

a x b

F1 (c,0)

F1 (c,0)

a -b a b
F1 (0,c)

Guidelines: Sketching Hyperbola

1. Sketch the central box. A rectangle centered at the origin, with sides parallel to the axes, that crosses one axis at a , and the other at b . 2. Sketch the asymptotes. These are the lines obtained by extending the diagonals of the central box. 3. Plot the vertices. These are the two x-intercepts or the two y-intercepts. 4. Sketch the hyperbola. Start at a vertex and sketch a branch of the hyperbola, approaching the asymptotes. Sketch the other branch in the same way.

Shifting Graphs of Equations

If h and k are positive real number, then replacing x by x-h or by x+h and replacing y by y-k or by y+k has the following effect(s) on the graph of any equation in x and y.

Replacement 1. x replaced by x-h 2. x replaced by x+h 3. y replaced by y-k 4. y replace by y+k

How graph is shifted Right h units Left h units Upwards k units Downward k units

General Equation of a Shifted Conic

The graph of the equation
Ax Cy Dx Ey F 0
2 2

where A and C are not both 0, is a conic or a degenerate conic. In the nondegenerate case, the graph is: 1. A parabola if A or C is 0. 2. An ellipse if A and C have the same sign (or a circle if A = C). 2. A hyperbola if A and C have opposite sign.

Discriminant Tells the Story

The graph of the equation

Ax 2 Bxy Cy 2 Dx Ey F 0 is either a conic or a degenerate conic. In the nondegenerate cases, the graph is 1. A parabola if B 2 4 AC 0 2 2. An ellipse if B 4 AC 0 2 B 4 AC 0 3. A hyperbola if The quantity B 2 4 AC is called the discriminant of the equation.

Conic Sections in Polar Coordinates(I)

Let F be a fixed point (called the focus) and l be a fixed line (called the directrix) in a plane. Let e be a fixed positive number (called the eccentricity). The set of all points P in a plane such that dis tan ce from P to F e dis tan ce from P to l is a conic section. The conic is a) an ellipse if e 1 b) a parabola if e 1 c) a hyperbola if e 1