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Chapter 11, Holt Modern Chemistry Lisa Allen, Stonington High School
Measuring pressure
Force per unit area Force is measured in Newtons (Kg*m/sec2) Area can be measured in meters Non-SI units were PSI, or pounds per square inch Units in use by chemists include Pascals (Pa) or KPa Millimeters of mercury (mmHg) Atmospheres (atm) Torrs (torr no abbreviation)
Converting
1 atmosphere = 760 mmHg 1 atmosphere = 101 325 Pa 1 atmosphere = 101.325 kPa 1 atmosphere = 760 torrs You can write conversion factors between any two of these units Lets practice some!
The answers
STP
Standard temperature and pressure 1atmosphere 0 degrees Celsius STP is an important concept because it gives you a point of reference. STP is also a motor oil. Thats cool, if irrelevant.
3 labs at once!
Put a balloon over the mouth of an Erlenmeyer flask containing about 40 mL of water. Place the flask on a hot plate for 10 minutes. Plunge the flask into an icewater bath. Make observations. Set up the syringe in the clamps as shown. Record the volume. Record subsequent volumes with one book on top of the set-up, then two, three, and 4. Graph volume as a function of number of books. Heat 100 mL of water on a hotplate until it is about 75C. Pour the water into a 2L bottle, swirl it, dump it and cap it tightly. Observe.
P1V1=P2V2
If a particular sample of gas is in a container, pressure changes that occur at constant temperature will result in volume changes. Which of the experiments you did deals with this? When you add pressure, what happens to volume? Can you graph data from your lab to quantify the relationship?
V1/T1=V2/T2
If a particular sample of gas is in a container, temperature changes that occur at constant pressure will result in volume changes. Which of the experiments you did deals with this? When you increase the temperature of a gas, what happens to volume?
Of course, these laws only work on a contained volume of air. Coupla holes in the chute, all bets are off...
P1/T1=P2/T2
If a particular sample of gas is in a container, temperature changes that occur at constant volume will result in pressure changes. Which of the experiments you did illustrates this? When you increase the temperature of a gas, what happens to pressure?
Kelvin
Theoretical explanation Empirical exploration The value? Converting to Kelvins Annotating Kelvins Calvin vs. Kelvin!
Practice!
Boyle, pg. 370 Charles, pg. 372 Gay Lussac, pg. 374 Combined gas law, pg. 375
Gases are composed of tiny particles that are far apart from each other. Particles are in constant motion. (They have kinetic energy.) We interpret their kinetic energy as temperature. There is no attraction or repulsion between particles. Collisions are elastic.
Please Note!
When heated, molecules of a gas do not expand! They go faster, they crash into their container more and into each other more. Either this means more pressure, or, if the pressure is held constant, it means these molecules become more spread out. Gases expand when heated. Individual molecules dont expand!
KE = mv2
KE is, essentially, temperature If 2 gas samples have the same temperature, they have the same KE. If the mass of one of these gases is higher than the mass of the other, at the same temperature, the lighter gas has a higher velocity.
PV=nRT
Clapyron, Father of the ideal gas law The value you obtain for R depends on the label you use for pressure. The label for R is... Atmosphere Liters per mole Kelvin Or... atmL/MolK
The avant-garde R
Homework: Create some form of artistic expression of the value of R and its label. Purpose: To assist in the memorization of the value and the label. To allow students with different talents to excel. Secondary purpose: to lighten up and have a little fun amidst all the math. Observe examples of work from previous victims...um, students.
3
Exemplary
2
Adequate
1
Limited
0
None
Creativity
?
Effort
Content
Presentation
In summary
Pressure comes in various units which you can convert. KMT is the model we use to explain the behavior of gas particles. Boyle, Charles, and Gay-Lussacs laws together make the combined gas law. Kelvin scale must always be used in gas law problems PV=nRT STP provides a link between measureable quantities and number of particles in a sample. We can use gas laws to calculate molar mass of a gas.