HDM-4 Road User Costs Model Version 2.

00
Rodrigo Archondo-Callao February 18, 2010

http://worldbank.org/roadsoftwaretools/

HDM-4 RUC Model Version 2.00

Road User Costs Knowledge System (RUCKS)
HDM-4 RUC Model Version 2.00, February 12, 2010
Step Inputs 1) I-Vehicle Fleet & Country Data I-Vehicle Fleet Calibration Road User Costs 2) I-Road Characteristics
Calculate Calculate Road Road User User Costs Costs

Calculations

Outputs

O-Road User Costs O-Resources and Performance O-Emissions O-Roughness Sensitivity O-Speed Limit Sensitivity O-Traffic Sensitivity O-RONET RUC Coefficients O-Charts One Vehicle O-Charts All Vehicles O-Network Road User Costs

Sensitivity Analysis 3) I-Sensitivity Parameters

Calculate Calculate Sensitivity Sensitivity Analysis Analysis

Network Road User Costs 4) I-Network Characteristics

Calculate Calculate Network Network RUC RUC

Cost Benefit Analysis 5) I-Cost Benefit Analysis Data

Calculate Calculate Cost Cost Benefit Benefit Analysis Analysis

O-Cost Benefit Analysis Results

Instructions http://www.worldbank.org/transport

Twelve Vehicles Types

Motorcycle Small Car Medium Car Light Delivery Vehicle Four Wheel Drive Light Truck Medium Truck Heavy Truck Articulated Truck Light Bus Medium Bus Heavy Bus

Road User Costs Components

New

Vehicle Operating Costs

Fuel Lubricant oil Tire wear Crew time Maintenance labor Maintenance parts Depreciation Interest Overheads Passenger time Cargo holding time

Time Costs
Accidents Costs Emissions

New

Vehicle Speed and Physical Quantities

Road and Vehicle Characteristics

Vehicle Speed

Physical Quantities

Unit Costs

Road User Costs

Physical Quantities
Component Fuel Lubricant oil Tire wear Crew time Passenger time Cargo holding time Maintenance labor Maintenance parts Depreciation Interest Quantities per Vehicle-km liters liters # of equivalent new tires hours hours hours hours % of new vehicle price % of new vehicle price % of new vehicle price

Free-Flow Speeds Model

Free speeds are calculated using a mechanistic/behavioral models and are a minimum of the following constraining velocities.

VDRIVEu and VDRIVEd = uphill and downhill velocities limited by gradient and used driving power VBRAKEu and VBRAKEd = uphill and downhill velocities limited by gradient and used braking power VCURVE = velocity limited by curvature VROUGH = velocity limited by roughness VDESIR = velocity limited by safety and speed limit enforcement

VDRIVE
Drive Force Grade Resistance Air Resistance Rolling Resistance - Driving power - Operating weight - Gradient - Density of air - Aerodynamic drag coef. - Projected frontal area - Tire type - Number of wheels - Roughness - Texture depth - % time driven on snow covered roads - % time driven on water covered roads

VCURVE
VCURVE is calculated as a function of the radius of curvature. VCURVE = a0 * R ^ a1 R = Radius of curvature R = 180,000/(*max(18/ ,C)) C = Horizontal curvature a0 and a1 = Regression parameters

Speed Flow Model

To consider reduction in speeds due to congestion, the three-zone model is adopted. Speed (km/hr)

Car
Pickup Bus Truck

Sult Qo Qnom Qult

Flow PCSE/hr

Traffic Flow Periods

To consider different levels of traffic congestion at different hours and days during a year, HDM-4 evaluates different traffic flow periods for which different hourly flows are applicable

Flow

Flow Periods Peak Next to Peak Medium flow Next to Low Overnight

Number of Hours in the Year

Fuel Model

Based on ARRB ARFCOM model Predicts fuel use as function of power usage

TRACTIVE FORCES Rolling, air, inertia, grade and cornering resistance

ACCESSORIES Cooling fan, power steering, air conditioner, alternator, etc.

INTERNAL ENGINE FRICTION

DRIVE - TRAIN INEFFICIENCIES

TOTAL POWER

ENGINE FUEL EFFICIENCY FACTOR

ESTIMATED FUEL CONSUMPTION

Congestion Modelling

Uncongested

Congested

0 Acceleration in m/s/s

Maintenance Parts Consumption

Maintenance Parts Consumption
0.70%
Parts Consumption (% of vehicle price per 1000 km)

0.60%

0.50%

0.40%
Medium Car
Medium Bus

0.30%

Heavy Truck Motorcycle

0.20%

0.10%

0.00%

10

12

14

16

18

Roughness (IRI, m/km)

Maintenance parts consumption function of roughness and age of the vehicle

Capital Costs

Comprised of depreciation and interest

costs HDM-4 uses Optimal Life method, in which vehicle service life is a function of roughness, or constant life method

Road Safety

HDM-4 model estimates road safety

costs of:
Fatal

HDM-4 RUC model follows the

Fatalities Persons

accidents Injury accidents Damage only accidents

International Road Assessment Program (iRAP) methodology and estimates road safety costs of:
with Serious Injuries

iRAP Methodology

User defines vehicle fleet fatality rate in

number per 100 million vehicle-km User defines vehicle fleet serious injury rate per 100 million vehicle-km Cost per fatality computed function of GDP per capita (default: GDP per capita multiplied by 70) Cost per serious injury computed function of cost per fatality (default: 25% of fatality cost)

International Road Assessment Programme methodology (iRAP). http://irap.net/

Emissions Model
Road

characteristics Traffic volume/congestion Vehicle technology

Hydrocarbon
Carbon

Fuel consumption

monoxide Nitrous oxides Sulphur dioxide Carbon dioxide Particulates Lead

RUC Comparison
0.800

0.700
Unit Road User Costs (US$ per vehicle-km)

0.600

Road Safety Cost CO2 Emissions Cost Cargo Time Passenger Time Overhead
Interest

0.500

0.400

Depreciation Crew Time Maintenance Labor Maintenance Parts Tire Lubricants

Fuel

0.300

0.200

0.100

0.000
Medium Car Medium Bus Heavy Truck Motorcycle

Roughness = 2.0 IRI m/km

RUC Composition
100%
90%

80% 70%
Unit Road User Costs (%)

Road Safety Cost CO2 Emissions Cost Cargo Time Passenger Time Overhead
Interest

60% 50% 40%

30%

Depreciation Crew Time Maintenance Labor Maintenance Parts Tire Lubricants

Fuel

20% 10% 0%
Medium Car Medium Bus Heavy Truck Motorcycle

Roughness = 2.0 IRI m/km

RUC Roughness Sensitivity

Heavy Truck Unit Road User Costs Sensitivy to Roughness
1.400

1.200
Unit Road User Costs (US$ per vehicle-km)

Road Safety Cost 1.000 CO2 Emissions Cost

Cargo Time

Passenger Time 0.800 Overhead Interest Depreciation 0.600 Crew Time Maintenance Labor
0.400 Maintenance Parts

Tire Lubricants 0.200 Fuel

0.000
2 IRI 6 IRI 12 IRI 18 IRI

RUC Roughness Sensitivity

1.400

Unit Road User Costs (US$ per vehicle-km)

1.200

1.000

0.800 Medium Car

Medium Bus

0.600

Heavy Truck Motorcycle

0.400

0.200

0.000

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

18.0

Roughness (IRI, m/km)

RUC Roughness Sensitivity

1.400

Unit Road User Costs (US$ per vehicle-km)

1.200

1.000

6.0 IRI = 0.22 US$ per vehicle-km 2.0 IRI = 0.21 US$ per vehicle-km Saving = 0.01 US$ per vehicle-km

0.800

AADT = 3,000 vehicles/day => 1,095,000 vehicles/year

Medium Car
Medium Bus

0.600

Heavy Truck

Saving = 10,850 US$ per year per km Motorcycle

0.400

0.200

0.000

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

18.0

Roughness (IRI, m/km)

Fuel Consumption and Speed

50.00
45.00

40.00
Fuel Consumption (liter per 100 km)

35.00 30.00
25.00

Medium Car
Medium Bus

20.00 15.00 10.00 5.00

0.00

Heavy Truck Motorcycle

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0

110.0

Vehicle Speed (km/hour)

Roughness = 2.0 IRI m/km

CO2 Emissions and Speed

1400

1200

Carbon Dioxide - CO2 (g/km)

1000

800 Medium Car

Medium Bus

600

Heavy Truck Motorcycle

400

200

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0

110.0

Vehicle Speed (km/hour)

Roughness = 2.0 IRI m/km

Fuel Consumption and Roughness

50.00
45.00

40.00
Fuel Consumption (liter per 100 km)

35.00 30.00
25.00

Medium Car
Medium Bus

20.00 15.00 10.00 5.00

0.00

Heavy Truck Motorcycle

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0

11.0

12.0

Roughness (IRI, m/km)

Speed function of roughness

CO2 Emissions and Roughness

1400

1200

Carbon Dioxide - CO2 (g/km)

1000

800 Medium Car

Medium Bus

600

Heavy Truck Motorcycle

400

200

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0

11.0

12.0

Roughness( IRI, m/km)

Speed function of roughness

Road Software Tools Website

HDM-4 Road User Costs Model Version

2.00 available for download at:
http://worldbank.org/roadsoftwaretools/