Types of Inferential Statistics

Inferential Statistics: estimate the value of a population parameter from the characteristics of a sample Parametric Statistics:
Assumes the values in a sample are normally distributed Interval/Ratio level data required

Nonparametric Statistics:
No assumptions about the underlying distribution of the sample Used when the data do not meet the assumption for a nonparametric test (ordinal and nominal data)

Choosing Statistical Procedures

One Independent Variable Measurement Scale of the Dependent Variable Two Levels More than 2 Levels Two Independent Variables Factorial Designs Dependent Groups Two-Factor ANOVA Repeated Measures Two Two Multiple Multiple Independent Independent Dependent Independent Dependent Groups Groups Groups Groups Groups Independent Dependent t-test t-test MannWhitney U Chi-Square Wilcoxon One-Way ANOVA KruskalWallis Chi-Square Repeated Measures ANOVA Friedman Chi-Square Two -Factor ANOVA

Interval or Ratio

Ordinal Nominal

Mann Whitney U Test

Nonparametric equivalent of the independent t test
Two independent groups Ordinal measurement of the DV The sampling distribution of U is known and is used to test hypotheses in the same way as the t distribution.

Mann Whitney U Test

To compute the Mann Whitney U:
Rank the scores in both groups (together) from highest to lowest. Sum the ranks of the scores for each group. The sum of ranks for each group are used to make the statistical comparison.
Income 25 32 36 40 22 37 20 18 31 29 Rank 12 5 3 1 14 2 16 18 6 8 85 No Income 27 19 16 33 30 17 21 23 26 28 Rank 10 17 20 4 7 19 15 13 11 9 125

Non-Directional Hypotheses
Null Hypothesis: There is no difference in scores of the two groups (i.e. the sum of ranks for group 1 is no different than the sum of ranks for group 2). Alternative Hypothesis: There is a difference between the scores of the two groups (i.e. the sum of ranks for group 1 is significantly different from the sum of ranks for group 2).

Computing the Mann Whitney U Using SPSS

Enter data into SPSS spreadsheet; two columns 1st column: groups; 2nd column: scores (ratings) Analyze Nonparametric 2 Independent Samples Select the independent variable and move it to the Grouping Variable box Click Define Groups Enter 1 for group 1 and 2 for group 2 Select the dependent variable and move it to the Test Variable box Make sure Mann Whitney is selected Click OK

Interpreting the Output

Ranks Income Status Equal Rights Attitudes Income Producing No Income Total N 10 10 20 Mean Rank 12.50 8.50 Sum of Ranks 125.00 85.00

Test Statisticsb Equal Rights Attitudes 30.000 85.000 -1.512 .131 .143
a

Mann-Whitney U Wilcoxon W Z Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed Sig.)]

The output provides a z score equivalent of the Mann Whitney U statistic.

It also gives significance levels for both a onetailed and a two-tailed hypothesis.

a. Not corrected for ties. b. Grouping Variable: Income Status

Generating Descriptives for Both Groups

Analyze Descriptive Statistics Explore Independent variable Factors box Dependent variable Dependent box Click Statistics Make sure Descriptives is checked Click OK

Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test

Nonparametric equivalent of the dependent (pairedsamples) t test
Two dependent groups (within design) Ordinal level measurement of the DV. The test statistic is T, and the sampling distribution is the T distribution.

Wilcoxon Test
To compute the Wilcoxon T:
Determine the differences between scores. Rank the absolute values of the differences. Place the appropriate sign with the rank (each rank retains the positive or negative value of its corresponding difference) T = the sum of the ranks with the less frequent sign
Pretest 36 23 48 54 40 32 50 44 36 29 33 45 Posttest 21 24 36 30 32 35 43 40 30 27 22 36 Difference 15 -1 12 24 8 -3 7 4 6 2 11 9 Rank 11 -1 10 12 7 -3 6 4 5 2 9 8

Non-Directional Hypotheses
Null Hypothesis: There is no difference in scores before and after an intervention (i.e. the sums of the positive and negative ranks will be similar). Non-Directional Research Hypothesis: There is a difference in scores before and after an intervention (i.e. the sums of the positive and negative ranks will be different).

Computing the Wilcoxon Test Using SPSS

Enter data into SPSS spreadsheet; two columns 1st column: pretest scores; 2nd column: posttest scores Analyze Nonparametric 2 Related Samples Highlight both variables move to the Test Pair(s) List Click OK To Generate Descriptives: Analyze Descriptive Statistics Explore Both variables go in the Dependent box Click Statistics Make sure Descriptives is checked Click OK

Interpreting the Output

Ranks N POSTTEST - PRETEST Negative Ranks Positive Ranks Ties Total a. POSTTEST < PRETEST b. POSTTEST > PRETEST c. POSTTEST = PRETEST
Test Statisticsb POSTTEST PRETEST Z -2.746a Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) .006 a. Based on positive ranks. b. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test

10a 2b 0c 12

Mean Rank 7.40 2.00

Sum of Ranks 74.00 4.00

The T test statistic is the sum of the ranks with the less frequent sign.
The output provides the equivalent z score for the test statistic. Two-Tailed significance is given.