CHAPTER 4

PERIODIC TABLE OF
ELEMENTS
• Elements are arranged in an increasing
order of proton number
• Group – vertical column (Group 1 to Group
18)
• Period – horizontal column (Period 1 to
Period 7)
• No. of valence electrons shows the
group of an element
• 1 and 2 valence electrons
= Group 1 and Group 2
• 3 to 8 valence electrons
= Group (10 + no. of valence electrons)
= Group 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18
• The period number of an element
= the number of shells filled with electrons
• An atom of element X has a
proton number of 15. In which
group and period can we find
element X in the Periodic
Table?
• Number of electrons = Number of
protons
= 15
• The electron arrangement = 2.8.5

• Atom X has 5 valence electrons

→ Group 15
• Atom X has 3 shells filled with
electrons
→ Period 3
NOBLE GASES

Helium
Neon
Argon
Krypton
Xenon
Radon
 Noble Gases

INERT MONOATOMIC
WHY?

Achieve a
stable
electron
arrangement
USES OF NOBLE GASES
USES OF NOBLE GASES
USES OF NOBLE GASES
USES OF NOBLE GASES
USES OF NOBLE GASES
USES OF NOBLE GASES
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GROUP 1 ELEMENTS

Hardness
and density
increase.
Melting and
boiling
points
Atomic decrease.
size
increases
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GROUP 1 ELEMENTS

• Soft metals
• Low melting and boiling points
• Silvery and shiny surface
• Good conductors of heat and
electricity
Lithium burns slowly with a 4Li + O2 → 2Li2O
red flame. A white solid is
produced. Li2O + H2O → 2LiOH

Sodium burns brightly with 4Na + O2 → 2Na2O

a yellow flame. A white
solid is produced. Na2O + H2O → 2NaOH

Potassium burns very 4K + O2 → 2K2O

brightly with a purple flame.
A white solid is produced. Na2O + H2O → 2NaOH
 WHY?

Have same number of valence electron,

that is 1
 Valence electrons

Exist as
DIATOMIC
MOLECULE
2

2
Chloride ion, Cl-
• The period number represents the
number of
shells filled with electrons in an atom
All the atoms have 3 shells filled with
electrons
Proton number increases from left to right
Atomic size DECREASES
Electronegativity INCREASES
WHY?