Histology 11

NSU
Spring 2009
Taken by: Gregory Rodocker
The Respiratory System
 Lungs and a ventilatory mechanism to
move air into and out of the lungs
 Lung are composed of the
 Conducting portions
 Conduct air
 Condition air
 Respiratory portion
 alveoli
Pathway
 Nasal orifice/Nares/Nostrils
 Vestibule
 Transition to Respiratory Epithelium
 Fossae
 Lined mostly with Respiratory Epithelium
 Uppermost reaches lined with Olfactory
Epithelium
Respiratory Epithelium
 Pseudostratifed ciliated columnar
epithelium
 Goblet (mucous) cells
 Brush cells
 Basal cells
 Small granule cells
Olfactory Epithelium
 Supportive cells
 Basal cells
 Olfactory cells
 Sensory cells
 Non-motile cilia
 Bowman glands
Respiratory epithelium
 Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium
 Rich with mucous goblet cells
 Collectively known as the respiratory
epithelium
 Also contains
 Basal cells - regenerative
 Brush cells - sensory
Trachea
 Mucosa composed of typical
respiratory epithelium
 Also, is an underlying set of C-shaped
cartilage rings and seromucous glands
that produce a more watery mucous.
 Open portion closed by smooth
muscle and fibroelastic tissue
Bronchi
 There are a pair of
primary bronchi
 Each one branches
dichotomously 9-12
times
 a cartilage network
keeps the lumen
open for airflow
Bronchiole
 Airways less than 5 mm
 No cartilage
 No glands other than goblet cells
 No submucosal glands
Respiratory bronchiole and
alveolus
 Region of transition from conducting to
respiratory portions
 Alveoli
 200 um in diameter
 Arranged along and around alveolar
ducts and sacs
Cells composing an alveolus
 Type I alveolar cell
 Or squamous alveolar cell
 Type II alveolar cell
 Produce surfactant
 Serve as basal cells to replace
themselves and type I cells
 Alveolar macrophages
 Dust cells
What surfactant does
Type II alveolar cell
Pathology - Emphysema
 Emphysema victims are referred to a
fighters as they adopt strategies that
allow continued successful ventilation
long into the disease process.
Emphysema is an actual loss of lung
tissue caused by chronic irritation by
pollutants or lack of ά1-Anti-trypsin or
both.
Barrel Chest caused by
Emphysema
Pathology - Emphysema
 Emphysema is classically of two types
by region of tissue destroyed.
 Centrilobular or centroacinar
 Panlobular or panacinar
Gross emphysematous Lung
 Note the open
appearance of the
lung tissue.
Emphysematous lung section
Pathology
 Certain genetic or reactive
abnormalities are associated with
impaired ciliary function (ciliary
dyskinesia syndromes), and may
predispose patients to sinusitis,
bronchiectasis, and male infertility
(immotile sperm)
 Chronic irritation of the respiratory
mucosa produces hyperplasia of these
glands (increased Reid ratio) and an
increased ratio of mucus-secreting to
serous cells