Wireless ATM

Miae Woo

Outline
Background Concept of WATM Reference model, Protocol Stack of WATM WATM Development Scenarios Research Projects for WATM WATM MAC WATM LM

Background
Information Super Highway
Access to all types of information and media Based on ATM/B-ISDN Technology

Rapid increase of mobile telecom. service

Full capacity of the second generation mobile systems New solution with more capacity and better performance

Compatibility with the fixed telecom. infra structure

Cost-effectiveness

ATM - basic principle

favored by the telecommunication industry for advanced high-performance networks, e.g., B-ISDN, as transport mechanism statistical (asynchronous, on demand) TDM (ATDM, STDM) cell header determines the connection the user data belongs to mixing of different cell-rates is possible
different bit-rates, constant or variable, feasible

interesting for data sources with varying bit-rate:

e.g., guaranteed minimum bit-rate additionally bursty traffic if allowed by the network

ATM cell:

5
cell header

48
user data

[byte]

connection identifier, checksum etc.

By Miae Woo

8.2.1

B-ISDN protocol reference model

3 dimensional reference model
three vertical planes (columns)
user plane control plane management plane physical layer ATM layer cell multiplexing/demultiplexin g VPI/VCI translation cell header generation and ve rification GFC (Generic Flow Control) ATM adaptation layer Provides different service clas ses on top of ATM

management plane plane management

three hierarchical layers

control user plane plane higher higher layers layers

ATM adaptation layer ATM layer

layer management

layers

physical layer

Out-of-Band-Signaling: user data is transmitted separately from control i nformation

planes

By Miae Woo

8.4.1

What is WATM ?
Concept of W-ATM : Radio ATM + Mobile ATM Radio ATM: Wireless extension of an ATM connections
ATM signalling and all virtual connections are transported over the airinterface Radio link protocol for W-ATM (MAC, DLC)

Mobile ATM : ATM based fixed network supporting mobility

Mobility support (I.e., hand-off, location management, routing etc.)

Wireless ATM
Data base

ATM
ATM ATM Switch Gateway Switch

Radio ATM

Mobile ATM
6

Meaning of WATM
3rd-generation of Mobile communication Multimedia-capable integrated wireless network Wireless extensions to ATM networks Support of untethered network members

System Design Goal of WATM

Flexible multiservice capability including voice, data and multimedia Compatibility with ATM & B-ISDN Guaranteed QoS for various service types Low terminal cost, power consumption and complexity Radio bandwidth efficiency Efficient, scalable and cost-effective network architecture Compliance with regulatory constraints

Comparison of WATM with Other Networks

Mobile Speed

Fast

IMT-2000 Slow Cellular PCS Movable or Still Cordless Fixed 0.1 1 Wireless ATM

Wireless LAN (IEEE 802.11)

Fixed Terminal 10 100 (Mbps)

Standardization Bodies for WATM

International
ITU-T/R - FPLMTS

United States
5 GHz - Supernet(WINForum) - NII (Apple) 2.4 GHz - IEEE 802.11

Europe ATM Forum WATM Working Group

ETSI - RES10 (HIPERLAN) - SMG3/SMG5 (UMTS) ACTS - Median - Magic WAND UMTS Forum

Japan
MMAC-PC

10

WATM Reference Configuration

Conf #1: Network to support fixed Wireless Terminal Conf #2: Network to support Mobile Wireless Terminal Conf #3: Network to support mobile switches Conf #4: Wireless Ad-Hoc networks Conf #5: Network to support PCS access Conf #6: PCS-ATM network Interworking Mobile ATM NW

R13
R5 R5 R10 AP R4 AP R16* BS R4 R6 R15 IWF BS P R16*

AP

AP
R8 Network Mobility Supporting ATM NW R9

R7

BSC
R11 End-user Mobility Supporting ATM NW R3 R3 R12 R1 R5 R5 AP F R5 R0 R4 AP R5 R14 IWF

R17*
R16

R15 PCS Netwok

Fixed ATM NW

R2
R5

11

Wireless Access Architecture : Modular Access

AP RT RT AP MT RT RT Wireline Links to radio transceivers ATM Wireline links to AP NNI+M ATM wireline links APCP EMAS-N EMAS : End-user Mobility supporting ATM switch EMAS-E NNI+M EMAS-E : Entry switches EMAS-N : network switches NNI+M EMAS-N

APCP

Radio Links

EMAS-Es are alienated from the radio access mechanisms Access point (AP) implements the radio access functions and deals with all the radio-specific functionality APCP : Access Point Control Protocol. The protocol providing standardized means of interaction between access point and EMAS-E
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WATM Protocol Stack

ATM Applications
ATM API (Xopen/Winsockets 2.0) Control and Signaling (Q.2931 + M, UNI 4.0, ...) User Process (TCP, ...)

ATM Adaptation Layer (SAAL, AAL1...ALL5)

ATM Layer SDH/SONET TAXI UTP-3

wireless DLC wireless MAC wireless interface

Physical Layer

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Wireless ATM Protocol Stack Mobile End Users

Mobile End-Users Supporting Networks (1) End User Mobility ATM Network (1) WMATM Terminal User Applic. AAL ATM WAL UNI + M SAAL ATM WAL Wireless Access Point

U-Plane

EMAS-E
End-User M.S. ATM Switch

EMAS-N
End-User M.S. ATM Switch ATM Switch

C-Plane

MATM Terminal
User Applic. AAL ATM PHY UNI + M SAAL ATM PHY

Wireless Terminal Adaptor

ATM WAL PHY A P C P SAAL ATM A P C P

ATM PHY PHY

ATM

ATM

U-Plane

PHY PNNI+M UNI+M B-ICI+M SAAL ATM P-NNI UNI B-ICI

PHY

UNI+M SAAL ATM

ATM PHY WAL

U-Plane

P-NNI+M UNI+M B-ICI+M

P-NNI UNI B-ICI SAAL ATM PHY

C-Plane
PHY

C-Plane
ATM PHY WAL

WAL

PHY

PHY

14

Description of the Protocols

APCP: Access Point Control Protocol used between the access point and the switch. foreseen only in the case of the need of the communication of information related to the status of the radio resources from the access point to the switch. foreseen that the Access Point does not perform ATM switching functions. B-ICI: B-ICI with supplemental signaling information to support the transport of the mobility information B-ICI+M: B-ICI with supplemental signaling information to support mobility +M could represent more than one protocol operating on the interface P-NNI: P-NNI with supplemental signaling information to support the transport of the mobility information P-NNI+M: PNNI with supplemental signaling information to support mobility UNI: UNI with supplemental signaling information to support the transport of the mobility information UNI+M: UNI with supplemental signaling information to support mobility WAL: Wireless Access Layer. The WAL is the wireless segment for end-to-end ATM connection. It includes the wireless MAC, LLC, and PHY layers.
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End-to-End Connection over WATM

Protocol Stacks for a Full Integration of Mobile ATM Terminals to a Fixed ATM Network
Mobile ATM Terminal User Service M-Ctrl M-Ctrl Base Station Controller ATM Terminal User Service

Q.2931
AAL SAAL M-LLC M-MAC M-PHY M-LLC M-MAC M-PHY ATM

Q.2931
SAAL ATM PHY AAL

Q.2931
SAAL ATM PHY

Wireless Channel

ATM Network

User plane

VCC end-point

16

Functional Model for Modular Access Scheme

User Side Network Side

Inf.a
IMFT MTSA CCFT MMFT Inf. 1

CCF NSA MMF SCF

Inf. 5

UIM

Inf.2 ACFT Inf.3 RRCT ATMCT Inf.4 RTR RRC ACF

APCF Inf.7

APCF

ATMC

ATMC

RTRT

Mobile Terminal : logical interface

Wireless AP

Mobility Enabled Switch : physical interface

External ATM network

17

WATM Reference Interfaces and Protocols

WATM Interface / Protocol Inf.1 ATM UNI or Q.2931 + M Comments M protocol is used for mobility specific messages including e.g. handovers and mobility management. Scope is limited to the Radio subsystem control

Inf.2 & Inf.3 Inf.7 Inf.6 ----Inf.5

Radio Link Control protocol - Access control protocol - Radio resource control protocol Access Point Control protocol ATM UNI3.1/4.0 or Q.2931 + M, or PNNI + M MT radio sub-system control AP radio sub-system control PNNI or BICI + M

Could be the same as Inf.1/H2.1.2 --Possibly proprietary interface M protocol is used for mobility specific messages including e.g. handovers and mobility management.

18

Wireless mobile terminal side

Mobility Management Function (MMFT)
analysis and monitoring of the network, paging response, location update call set-up and release, access control, connection control security related information, user dependent additional security information, user independent LLC, MAC, PHY layers for radio transmission trigger handovers, monitor radio access, control radio resources

Call control and Connection control Function (CCFT) Identity Management Function (IMFT) Mobile Terminal Security Agent (MTSA)

Service and Connection Control Functional Entities

Radio Transmission and Reception (RTRT)

Radio Resource Control function (RRCT) Association Control Function (ACFT)

set-up and release access to access point

ATM Connection function (ATMCT)

Radio and Access Control Functional Entities

responsible for ATM connections, standard services (CBR, VBR, ABR, UBR)

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Mobility supporting network side

Access Point Control Function (APCF)
paging, handover, AP management call set-up and release, connection control, requests network and radio resources identity management, authentication, encryption, confidentiality control management of service profiles, consistency checks

Call control and Connection control Function (CCF) Network Security Agent (NSA) Service Control Function (SCF) Mobility Management Function (MMF) Association Control Function (ACF)
set-up and release access to mobile terminal management of radio channels, initiate handover

Service and Connection Control Functional Entities

location management, handover, location data, subscriber identity

Radio Resource Control function (RRC)

Radio and Access Control Functional Entities

Radio Transmission and Reception function (RTR)

LLC, MAC, PHY layers, support of ATM traffic parameters responsible for ATM connections, standard services (CBR, VBR, ABR, UBR)

ATM Connection function (ATMC)

20

Work Items for WATM

Radio ATM
Radio physical layer MAC for wireless channel (with QoS) Data link control for wireless channel errors Wireless control protocol for radio resource management Hand-off control (signaling/NNI extensions, etc) Location management for mobile terminals Routing considerations for mobile connections Traffic/QoS control for mobile connections Wireless network management

Mobile ATM

21

Radio Access Layer (RAL) requirements: PHY layer

Definition of cell characteristics
frequencies, efficient re-use of frequencies, antennas, power, range

Carrier frequency, symbol rate, modulation, coding, training sequences etc. Data and control interfaces to the radio unit
Requirements
Bit Error Rate (BER) <= 10-4, availability 99.5 % data rate: 25 Mbit/s range: indoor 30-50 m, outdoor 200-300 m power: 100 mW

22

Radio Access Layer (RAL) requirements: MAC layer

Supports
simultaneous access of several mobile terminals to the medium several ATM service classes (CBR, VBR, ABR, UBR) including QoS control

MAC protocol and syntax definition, MAC control algorithms Interfaces to PHY and LLC layer Support of user mobility Requirements
MAC efficiency: 60-75 % (over 90% is possible) data rates
peak 25 Mbit/s sustained 6 Mbit/s still efficient for low rates (e.g., 32 kbit/s CBR)

23

Radio Access Layer (RAL) requirements: LLC layer

Layer between ATM and MAC/PHY layers to solve specific problems of the wireless transmission Definition of LLC protocol and syntax
wireless header, control messages

Special functions for ATM service classes

error control
error detection and correction selective retransmission

forward error correction

Requirements
mandatory: ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request) optional: FEC for real-time services optional: meta-signaling to support handover

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WMC projects summary(I)

Project MBS Objective Frequency Data Rate 3rd generation mobile 60 GHz 155 Mb/s broadband system Demo: Demo: Wireless ATM network 5 GHz 24 Mb/s demonstrator Research: (20 MHz) 17 GHz Wireless Broadband CPN/LAN for 60 GHz 155 Mb/s Professional & Residential Multimedia Applications Systems for Advanced Mobile Broadband 40 GHz 34 Mb/s Applications Cellular Radio Access for 42 GHz 2~4 Mb/s Broadband Services Cellular Access to Broadband Services 42 GHz and Interactive TV Future Radio Multiple 2 GHz 2 Mb/s Access System Environmt Indoors/ Outdoors Indoors Multiple Access TDMA (DSA) TDMA/TDD MASCARA OFDM (16 carriers) Note RACE II(No further project) Medical consultation, Web browser

Magic WAND

Successor of MBS project Indoors TDMA/ATDD OFDM (512 carriers)

MEDIAN

SAMBA

CRABS

CABSIT

FRAME

AWACS ATM Wireless Access Communication System

19 GHz

34 Mb/s

To validate the MBS system and the cellular mobile broadband concept Cellular Cellular radio access to Fixed interactive TV and broadband services Cellular Interactive TV (surround Fixed/ TDMA/CDMA sound, TV guide, Pay TV) Nomadic (DAVIC) Interactive Multimedia Services (VOD,NOD) Outdoors - Hybrid TDMA/CDMA To define the UMTS air - Code & Time interface Division Access Scheme (CATS) Indoors /Outdoors

Cellular Mobile

25

WMC projects summary(II)

Objective Sponsor Frequency Seamless AT&T 2.4 GHz Wireless ATM Bell Lab. Network: SWAN end-to-end ATM transport to mobile users Broadband AdAT&T Free Space Hoc ATM Bell Lab. Optical BAHAMA Architecture Link; 900 MHz ATM Wireless NTT 3~30 GHz Access (TBD) AWA Project Data Rate 625 Kb/s (1 MHz) Environmnt Indoors Access TDMA/TDD FHSS modem Note

1 Gb/s (PBS-PBS); 2 Mb/s (PBS-MT) 80 Mb/s (50 Mb/s oneway; Max 12 Mb/s per user) Type I: 8 Mbps Type II: 25 Mbps 6 Mb/s

Indoors DQRUMA

Wireless ATM LAN: PBS-PBS-MT archtecture Dual mode access to private & public networks (standard CAI)

Indoors/ Outdoors

TDMA/TDD DCA

WATMnet

Prototype Wireless ATM System Radio ATM

NEC C&C Olivetti Researc h Lab

2.4 GHz

Indoors/ Outdoors

TDMA/TDD MDR TDMA/TDD Distributed Reservation MAC

2.4 GHz

ORATM

26

Wireless Access Layers for WATM

User Service Q.2931 AAL SAAL ATM PHY PHY PHY Wireless ATM terminal User Service Q.2931 AAL SAAL ATM PHY PHY User Service Q.2931 AAL SAAL ATM PHY User Service Q.293 1 AAL SAAL ATM PHY ATM multiplexer

ATM terminal User Service Q.2931 AAL SAAL ATM PHY

ATM multiplexer ATM PHY

M-Ctrl ATM W-LLC W-MAC PHY W-PHY

M-Ctrl ATM W-LLC W-MAC PHY W-PHY

Base station M-Ctrl Q.2931 SAAL W-LLC W-MAC W-PHY ATM PHY

User Service Q.2931 AAL SAAL ATM PHY

M-Ctrl ATM W-LLC W-MAC PHY W-PHY

Multiplexing in Wired ATM Network

Multiplexing in Wireless ATM Network

(1) Mobile = Distributed Queue (2) Channel = Unreliable Bit Pipe

Issue : How to extend the ATM statistical multiplexing technique to the air interface to provide services of different types of traffic with a certain degree of guarantee in QoS?
27

MAC Requirements for WATM

General requirements Fault Tolerance Scalability Throughput Delay Addressing Support for Asymmetric Traffic - Fairness - Support for Broadcasting and Multicasting - Data Reliablity Wireless MAC Requirements Transparency Power Efficiency Fading Immunity To Handle Hidden Terminal Problem Simplified Frame Structure Support Handoff & Roaming WATM MAC Requirements Service provision* : to support all ATM traffic classes To guarantee QoS Requirements for each traffic class To design a MAC PDU for an efficient transmission of ATM cells Error Control* : MAC layer CRC

MAC Address scheme : use some form of IEEE 48 bit addressing Multiple Access : TDMA with time division duplex and dynamic slot assignment Architecture : Access point based using a centralized control

28

WATM MAC Model

Generic MAC Model

( 1) ( 2 )

( 1)
( 2 )

( n )

Dynamic Parameter (in-band out-of-band)

(n)

Scheduler
- responsible for dynamic slot assignment - based upon the static and dynamic parameters
29

MAC Protocol Attributes of WATM

Infrastructure
: dynamic slot assignment Ad-hoc

Wireless access scheme

FDMA/TDMA/CDMA/Hybrid
FDMA/TDMA . CDMA : ; CDMA .

Duplex scheme
Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)

Time Division Duplex (TDD)

turn-around time overhead traffic frame

30

MAC Protocol Attributes of WATM (contd)

Packet multiple access scheme
Collision-free : reservation request up-link slot polling Contention-oriented

Slot assignment scheme

Vertical slot allocation : frame slot Horizontal slot allocation : slot Hybrid : service traffic VSA HAS dynamic slot assignment .

31

MAC Protocol Attributes of WATM (contd)

Reservation request scheme
Burst cell
: slot : slot : polling : orthogonal signal

Burst cell
cell : burst cell cell , burst : cell cell polling burst cell slot

Signaling
Down-link
slot : slot slot frame : frame

Up-link
in-band signaling : scheduling dynamic parameter up-link cell piggybacking out-of-band signaling : slot parameter 32

FDD-Based MAC Proposals

Idea : have two channels per BS coverage area, one for the uplink (UL) and the other for the downlink (DL)
UL : used by the MTs for sending request and information packets, according to some reservation and contention algorithm, DL : used by the BS in a scheduled mode, for sending acknowledgments (ACKs) and information packets.

Possible to have an almost immediate feedback from the BS in order to know (at the MT) if a request was successful or if a collision occurred. The MAC protocol proposals
DQRUMA (Distributed Queuing Request Update Multiple Access) PRMA/DA (Packet Reservation Multiple Access with Dynamic Allocation) DSA++ (Dynamic Slot Assignment Protocol) DTDMA/PR (Dynamic TDMA with Piggybacked Reservation)

33

TDD-Based MAC Proposals

Use only one carrier frequency to communicate both ways Save some hardware in the MTs since both the transmitter and receiver operate at the same frequency Add extra delay due to the turnover between transmitter and receiver modes The MAC protocol proposals
MASCARA (Mobile Access Scheme Based on Contention & Reservation for ATM) PRMA/ATDD (PRMA with Adaptive Time-Division Duplex Protocol) DTDMA/TDD (Dynamic TDMA with Time-Division Duplex Protocol)

34

Overall Comparison of the Protocols

DQRUMA PRMA/DA DSA++ DTDMA/PR MASCARA PRMA/ATDD DTDMA/TDD

35

WATM MAC
MAC DSA: Dynamic Slot Assignment DSA++ Dynamic PRMA: Packet Reservation Multiple Access MASCARA: Mobile Access Scheme based on Contention And Reservation for ATM DQRUMA: Distributed Queue Request Update Multiple Access MDR: Multiservice Dynamic Reservation EC-MAC: Energy Conserving MAC RS-ISMA: Slotted Idle Signal Multiple Access with Reservation Access Duplexing TDMA / DSA: DSA++: not specified (Adaptive TDD) (Adaptive TDD) DSA: DSA++:

MBS

MEDIAN

TDMA /TDD

Magic WAND

TDMA /TDD

BAHAMA

TDMA /TDD TDMA /TDD TDMA /TDD TDMA /FDD

not specified not specified

WATMnet SWAN CRL

not specified

not specified

36

Proposed MAC Frame Types

Frame type 1

suitable for the low-bandwidth type of traffic, such as voice traffic

periodic short packets delay sensitive, can not afford to have long packetization delays.

used to support signaling messages.

Frame type 2

to increase the efficiency of air interface usage by using one MAC header for several ATM payloads

37

MAC Frame Field Description

The preamble field (preamble) (16 octets)
used for synchronization purpose, etc. used to indicate the number of slots the mobile terminal wishes to send in its next frame, the sender and receiver sequence numbers, and others to be defined used to identify the address of the corresponding mobile terminal at the MAC level for the ATM header, which does not include the HEC field, since a more powerful CRC field covering the entire frame is added in the MAC frame. the same payload as in the ATM cell for the error detection for the whole MAC frame; CCITT CRC-16 is a possible candidate. used to prevent from frame overlapping in the uplink due to varying propagation delays among mobile terminals

The control field (ctl) (2 octets)

The address field (address) (6 octes)

The header field (hdr) (4 octets)

The payload field (payload) (48 octets)

The CRC field (2 octets)

The Guard (Gd) field

38

Location Management
LM enables the network to communicate with MTs by managing the information about the location of the terminal LM = Mobile tracking + Mobile locating
Mobile Tracking
Network elements updating procedure about the location of mobile entities Mobile registration + updating

Mobile Locating
The procedure by which a network node determines the location of the mobile for the delivery of incoming calls May be executed explicitly prior to call setup or may be an integral part of the call setup procedure Use the information acquired during the tracking phase

39

Architectural Model for LM in WATM

Location Server (LS):
maintaining the database of associations between the permanent and temporary AESA(ATM End System Addresses)s of mobile terminals keep track of service-specific information for each MT executes query and update protocols to retrieve and modify database entries maintaining a secure database of authentication and privacy related information for each MT may implement an authentication protocol with an EMAS or an MT directly. initiate location updates and participate in authentication and privacy protocols E-MAS-E LS LS AUS AUS

AP

AP AP EMAS-E

Authentication Server (AUS):

RP AP RP

AP RP

Mobile Terminal (MT):

Integrated Approach Modular Approach

End-user mobility enabled switch (EMAS):

identify connection set-up messages destined to MTs invoke location resolution functions All edge EMASs may be required to execute location update functions. Home EMASs require the ability to redirect a connection set-up message and perhaps maintain the LS and AUS. may be required to participate in the redirection of a connection set-up message to the current location of an MT.

40

LM Requirements for WATM

User transparency Location and user information confidentiality Cell/network identification Minimize signaling load User controlled access to choose desired network under multioperator conditions Access restriction Roaming Easy inter-working Support of paging Scalability Distributed Servers Standardized location management Registration using a standard mechanism Association Security for preventing unauthorized access as well as to ensure privacy Integrated location databases for authentication and location tracking with mobility-enabled switches Performance: latency in registration, database updates and queries Routing

41

Starting points for WATM LM

IS-41 and GSM MAP(mobile application part )
Currently for CO-cellular network Isolates effect for mobility from PNNI routing protocol Explicit search procedure prior to call setup Proposed scheme : (external) LR scheme Routing protocol for private ATM networks Propagates reachability information No explicit search procedure prior to call setup Proposed scheme : mobile PNNI scheme
Extension of the PNNI routing protocol to support MN Use of the PNNI routing protocol for reachability information(RI) Scope parameter for the restriction of RI update No explicit search procedure prior to call setup Connection setup combined with mobile locating Requires additional routing optimization process

PNNI routing protocol

42

Comparison
Item
Address space partition

Mobile PNNI
Not required Not optimized Superior in low CMR Required Not Applicable

LR
Required Optimized Superior in high CMR Not required Applicable

Resource allocation for call setup

Performance Modification of ATM signaling and routing Application to public network

43