Elements of Determinant

Determinant Order
The order of the determinant equations refers to the number of rows/colums

e.g.

Minor of determinant element

If the row and column of any element is deleted then a reduced order determinant remains which is called the minor determinant of the element in question.. e.g. considering the fouth order deteterminant above..

Expansion of Determinant
The expansion of a determinant is completed by adding the product all of elements with their co-factors for any row or column. eg

An example of the expansion of a determinant is provided below ..

The expansion of the determinant is simplified by using the row or column with zero elements if any as the relevant element-co-factor is zero..

Changing rows and columns

The value of a determinant is not altered if its rows are written as columns , in the same order..

Interchanging rows or columns.. Provided without proof If any two rows or any two columns are interchanged the result is a change in sign of the determinant...

Equal Rows of Columns...Provided without proof A determinant with two rows or columns equal has zero value..

Determinant Row or Column expressed as binomial

If the

elements of a row or column are expressed as a binomial the determinant can be written as the sum of two determinants...

Zero rows or columns in determinant...

Provided without proof If all of the elements of a row or a column is zero then the value of the determinant is zero.

= 0

Cramers Rule - 2 x 2
Cramers Rule relies on determinants. Consider the system below with variables x and y:

a1x b1y C1 a2 x b2 y C2

Cramers Rule for 2x2 System

Let A be the coefficient matrix Linear System Coeff Matrix ax+by=e cx+dy=f

If determinant A=0, then the system has exactly one solution:

e b f d x det A

a e c f y det A

Cramers Rule - 2 x 2
The formulae for the values of x and y are shown below. The numbers inside the determinants are the coefficients and constants from the equations.
C1 C2 x a1 a2 b1 b2 b1 b2
a1 a2 y a1 a2 C1 C2 b1 b2

Cramers Rule
e.g Solve the system: 3x - 2y = 10 4x + y = 6 The solution is (2, -2)

10 2 6 1 22 x 2 3 2 11 4 1

3 10 4 6 22 y 2 3 2 11 4 1

Cramers Rule - 3 x 3
Consider the 3-equation system below with variables x, y and z:

a1 x b1 y c1z C1 a2 x b2 y c2 z C2 a3 x b3 y c3 z C 3

Cramers Rule - 3 x 3
The formulae for the values of x, y and z are shown below. Notice that all three have the same denominator.
C1 C2 b1 b2 c1 c2

a1 a2

C1 C2

c1 c2

a1 a2

b1 b2

C1 C2

C 3 b3 c3 x a1 b1 c1 a2 a3 b2 b3 c2 c3

a 3 C 3 c3 y a1 b1 c1 a2 a3 b2 b3 c2 c3

a3 b3 C 3 z a1 b1 c1 a2 a3 b2 b3 c2 c3

Cramers Rule
Example: Solve the system

3x - 2y + z = 9 x + 2y - 2z = -5 x + y - 4z = -2
3 9 1 1 5 2 1 2 4 69 y 3 3 2 1 23 1 2 2 1 1 4

9 5

2 2

1 2 4 23 1 1 23 2 4

2 1 x 3 2 1 1 2 1

Cramers Rule
Example, continued: 3x - 2y + z = 9 x + 2y - 2z = -5 x + y - 4z = -2

3 2 1 2

9 5

The solution is (1, -3, 0)

1 1 2 0 z 0 3 2 1 23 1 2 2 1 1 4

Cramers Rule
Not all systems have a definite solution. If the determinant of the coefficient matrix is zero, a solution cannot be found using Cramers Rule due to division by zero. When the solution cannot be determined, one of two conditions exists:
The planes graphed by each equation are parallel and there are no solutions The three planes share one line (like three pages of a book share the same spine) or represent the same plane, in which case there are infinite solutions.

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