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land areas called cells, each served by at least one fixed transceiver, known as a cell site or base station. Each cell uses a different set of frequencies from neighboring cells to avoid interference and provide guaranteed bandwidth within each cell. When joined together these cells provide radio coverage over a wide area. This enables a large number of portable transceivers (mobile phones) to communicate with each other anywhere in the network, via base stations even if the transceivers are moving through more than one cells during transmission.
Main Components
Following are the main components of a mobile
network.
The Core
The switching system (Core) is responsible for
performing call processing and subscriber related functions. Following functional units are included in the core.
Home Location Register (HLR) Mobile Service Switching Center (MSC) Visitor Location Register (VLR) Authentication Center (AU) Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
of subscriptions. Stores permanent information including subscribers service profile, location information and activity status. When a user buys a subscription from one of the PCS operators, the user is registered in HLR of that operator.
the system. Controls calls to and from other telephone and data systems. Performs functions such as toll ticketing, network interfacing and common channel signaling.
about subscribers that is needed by the MSC in order to service visiting subscribers. VLR is always integrated with MSC. When a mobile station roams into a new MSC area, VLR connected to that MSC will get data about the mobile station from HLR, this data is required for call setup.
parameters that verify users identity and ensure the confidentiality of each call. AUC protects network operators from different types of frauds in cellular world.
the identity of mobile equipments that protects calls from stolen, unauthorized or defective mobile stations. AUC and EIR are implemented as stand-alone nodes or a as a combined AUC/EIR node.
links between the MSC and BTS. It is a high capacity switch that provides functions such as handover, cell configuration data and control of radio frequency power levels in BTSs. A number of BSCs are served by an MSC.
station. BTS is the radio equipment (transceivers and antennas) needed to service each cell in the network. A group of BTSs are controlled by a BSC.
GSMMAP: GSM Mobile Application Part GSM SMS: GSM Short Messaging Service CAMEL: Customized Applications for Mobile Enhanced Logic ETSI 300 374 GSM A WAP protocol family
through GSM.
Teleservices
Teleservices are mainly voice services that provide
subscribers with the complete capability to communicate with other subscribers. Following are a few teleservices provided by GSM
Short Messaging Services (SMS) Cell broadcast Voice mail Fax mail Dual-tone multi-frequency Fascimile
Data Services
Data services provide the capacity necessary to
transmit appropriate data signals between two access points creating an interface to the network.
Supplementary Services
GSM supports a comprehensive set of supplementary
services that can complement and support both telephony and data services. These services are characterized as revenue-generating features. Following are a few supplementary Services
Call forwarding Barring of outgoing calls Barring of incoming calls Advice of charge Call hold Call waiting Multiparty service