ENG3640 Microcomputer Interfacing Week #4 Parallel IO Interfacing

Topics

I/O Addressing Techniques I/O Port Structure CPU12 I/O Ports Programming I/O Ports:

Driving LEDs/7-Segment Displays Interfacing to Switches Switch Debouncing Keypad Interfacing Techniques/Issues Liquid Crystal Displays

ENG3640 Fall 2012

Resources

Huang, Chapter 4 Sections

4.10 Intro to Parallel I/O Ports 4.11 Simple I/O Devices 7.2 I/O Related Issues 7.3 I/O Addressing Issues 7.5 The HCS12 Parallel Ports 7.6 Electrical Characteristics 7.7 Liquid Crystal Displays Interfacing Parallel Ports to a keypad
ENG3640 Fall 2012 3

Huang, Chapter 7 Section

Why Parallel I/O?

Several embedded applications require interfacing an MCU with Light Emitting Diodes, Switches, Liquid Crystal Display, Seven Segment Displays. I/O ports therefore have to be programmed to handle input/output signals.

ENG3640 Fall 2012

I/O Addressing Techniques

If the same address bus is used for both memory and I/O, how should the hardware be designed to differentiate between memory and I/O reads and writes?

CPU
Data Address Control

Memory

I/O Interface

ENG3640 Fall 2012

Memory Mapped I/O vs. Isolated I/O

1.

2.

3.
1.

Memory Mapped I/O (MOTOROLA): Any instruction that reads or writes memory can read/write I/O Port Address specifies which module (input, output, RAM, ROM), will communicate with the processor Ex: LDAA #56 STAA $0024 (copy value to port H) Isolated I/O (INTEL):
The control bus signals that activate the I/O are separate from those that activate the memory device. These systems have a separate address space. Separate instructions are used to access I/O and Memory. Ex: IN AL, $10 (copy values of port $10 into register AL)

2. 3. 4.

Advantages/Disadvantages?
ENG3640 Fall 2012 6

I/O Port Structure

1. 2. 3.

Data Register: for data in transit Control Register: Hold commands from processor to port Status Register: Used to monitor I/O activity Polling

Principle functionality is serve as way station for data in transit between the computer and external world.

Interrupt Driven

ENG3640 Fall 2012

1-KB SRAM

68HC812A4 Block Diagram

4-KB EEPROM CPU12

ENG3640 Fall 2012

Memory Map

ENG3640 Fall 2012

Port Details
Port Direction Function

Port A Port B

I/O I/O

Single-chip modes: general-purpose I/O Expanded modes: external address bus ADDR15ADDR8 Single-chip modes: general-purpose I/O Expanded modes: external address bus ADDR7ADDR0 Single-chip modes: general-purpose I/O Expanded wide modes: external data bus DATA15DATA8 Expanded narrow modes: external data bus DATA15DATA8/DATA7 DATA0 Single-chip and expanded narrow modes: general-purpose I/O External data bus DATA7DATA0 in expanded wide mode(1) External interrupt request inputs, mode select inputs, bus control signals General-purpose I/O
Chip select General-purpose I/O Memory expansion General-purpose I/O

Port C

I/O

Port D Port E
Port F
Port G

I/O I/O and I(2)

I/O
I/O

Port H
Port J
Port S Port T

I/O
I/O
I/O I/O

Key wakeup(3) General-purpose I/O Key wakeup(4) General-purpose I/O

SCI and SPI ports General-purpose I/O Timer port General-purpose I/O ADC port General-purpose input
10

Port AD

General Purpose I/O: Bidirectional

Most GPIO pins on the 68HC12 MCU can be programmed for use in either direction. Two registers: the data register PORT and data direction register DDR.
The DDR determines the direction of the port pin.
If the DDR = 1 then the port is an output and if the DDR = 0 the data register output is disabled and the port pin is placed in high impedance state.

ENG3640 Fall 2012

11

I/O PORTS Addresses

Register Name PORTA DDRA PORTB DDRB PORTC DDRC PORTD DDRD PORTE DDRE PORTF DDRF PORTG DDRG Address $0000 $0002 $0001 $0003 $0004 $0006 $0005 $0007 $0008 $0009 $0030 $0032 $0031 $0033 Functionality Port A Data Register Port A Data Direction Register Port B Data Register Port B Data Direction Register Port C Data Register Port C Data Direction Register Port D Data Register Port D Data Direction Register Port E Data Register Port E Data Direction Register Port F Data Register Port F Data Direction Register Port G Data Register Port G Data Direction Register

PORTH DDRH PORTJ DDRJ

$0024 $0025 $0028 $0029

Port H Data Register Port H Data Direction Register Port J Data Register Port J Data Direction Register
12

I/O PORTS Usage on EVB

1. Port B is connected to the Light Emitting Diodes (LEDS) a) Each Port B line is monitored by an LED. b) In order to turn on Port B LEDs, the PJ1 (Port J pin 1) must be programmed as output and set for logic zero. c) If you ignore the status of the LEDs, the Port B can drive any other I/O on the breadboard. 2. Port P is connected to the Seven Segment Display a) There are 4 digits of 7-Segment Displays on the EVB. b) Port B is used to drive the 7-segment anodes and PP0-PP3 (Port P) to drive common cathodes c) To use the 7-Segments you need to multiplex among them. 3. Port K is connected to the Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) 4. Port A is connected to the Hex Key Pad 5. Port H is connected to the DIP Switches and Push buttons.
13

General Purpose I/O Usage

Parallel ports are often used for simple I/O such as turning on LEDs, 7-segment displays or reading switches (unconditional transfer) Steps for using Ports: 1. Identify the address of an I/O port and its Data Direction Register (DDR) 2. Program the DDR by writing a value to it. 3. The value written to the DDR reflects the appropriate setting for the port (i.e a `0 will make the corresponding pin an input and a `1 will force the pin in the port to be an output). 4. Load a register with a value and store this value to the address of the I/O PORT.
ENG3640 Fall 2012 14

General Purpose I/O Usage

To make bit 0 of PORTH (PH0) an output, we would use the following instruction: DDRH EQU $25 bset DDRH, $01 ; Set PORTH direction Once bit 0 of PORTH has been configured as an output, we can make the pin go to one by writing a one to bit0 of PORTH as follows: PORTH EQU $24 bset PORTH,$01 ; Set PORTH bit-0 high
ENG3640 Fall 2012 15

Avoiding Transients and Glitches

When the MCU is powered up or reset, all GPIO ports are configured as inputs.

The port will remain an input until the software changes the data direction register.

Can this cause a problem when a port is used as an output in normal operation?

The external device connected to the port may do strange things! For example, if an output is connected to a motor or solenoid driver, the motor or solenoid may run intermittently during this time and have serious consequences!

ENG3640 Fall 2012

16

Avoiding Transients and Glitches

1.

2.

A pull-up or pull-down resistor can be added to the port so the node will always be pulled to the inactive level instead of floating. The port can be preset to the inactive level before changing its direction to an output (when the port direction is changed a temporary glitch on the output will occur!)

To avoid the glitch, we can write to the port data register before the direction is changed.
bset PORTH, $00 bset DDRH, $01 ; preset PORTH bit-0 low ; PORTH bit-0 an output

ENG3640 Fall 2012

17

Interfacing: Voltage Parameters

Like any digital device, before we can connect something to an input or output, we need to know the specification for the interface parameter. The first parameter to consider are the input and output voltage levels and corresponding noise margins.

VDD and VSS are supply voltages. The output voltage parameters are VOL and VOH. The input voltage parameters are VIL and VIH. For a digital system to work correctly, the output high voltage always must be between VIH,min and VDD.
Noise Margin?
ENG3640 Fall 2012 18

Interfacing: Applications
1.

2.

Like most digital logic devices, the output of MCUs can sink more current than they can source. Consequently, devices that require significant load current like an LED should be connected active-low.

ENG3640 Fall 2012

19

Light Emitting Diodes (LED)

1.

2.

An LED emits light when current flows through it in the positive direction i.e. when the voltage on the anode side is made higher than the voltage on the cathode side. The forward voltage across the LED is typically about 1.5 to 2 Volts.

MCU produces low

ENG3640 Fall 2012 20

Connecting an LED to an Output Port

Determine whether we can drive an active-low LED from an M68HC12 output? Assume that a high-efficiency LED with IF,min = 10mA and VF,max = 2.0 V is used

The LED in the figure is connected active low so that when the output goes low, the current IL flows through the LED and turns it on.
ENG3640 Fall 2012 21

Connecting an LED to an Output Port

Using a 5-volt supply and assuming that the LED has a 2.0 V drop across it, what resistor value will limit the current to 10mA? Answer: 5V = 2.0V + IRx x Rx Setting IRx to 10mA the resistor Rx is solved to be 300 Ohm.

ENG3640 Fall 2012

22

Connecting an LED to an Output Port

An I/O port pin of a microcontroller generally does not have enough drive to supply the current. So an inverter is often used as a switch to turn the LED on and off.
VCC

Active High since MCU produced a 1 to turn the LED on

74HC04

Figure 7.9 An LED connected to a CMOS inverter through a currentlimiting resistor.

ENG3640 Fall 2012 23

Use the 68HC12 Port H to drive green, yellow, red, and blue LEDs. Light each of them for half of a second in turn and repeat. The 68HC12 uses a 16-MHz crystal oscillator to generate internal clock signals.
Solution: The upper four pins of the Port H can be used for this purpose.

68HC12

5V

5V

5V

5V

green

yellow 300W 74HC04 300W

red 300W

blue 300W

74HC04 PP7 PP6 PP5 PP4

74HC04 74HC04

Figure 7.10 Circuit connection for example 7.3

ENG3640 Fall 2012 24

PORTH equ DDRH equ org ldaa staa Forever ldaa staa jsr ldaa staa jsr ldaa staa jsr ldaa staa jsr jmp swi

$24 $25 $1000 #$FF DDRH #$80 PORTH delay_hs #$40 PORTH delay_hs #$20 PORTH delay_hs #$10 PORTH delay_hs forever

; configure PORTH for output ; ; turn on green LED and turn off other LEDs ; ; wait for half of a second ; turn on yellow LED and turn off other LEDs ; ; wait for half of a second ; turn on red LED and turn off other LEDs ; ; wait for half of a second ; turn on blue LED and turn off other LEDs ; ; wait for half of a second ; repeat

ENG3640 Fall 2012

25

Seven Segment Displays

Consists of seven LED segments (a, b, c, d, e, f, g) Alphanumeric characters can be displayed by controlling the segments. Two types of Seven Segment Displays:
1.
2.

Common Cathode Common Anode

ENG3640 Fall 2012

26

Seven Segment Displays

1.

Common Anode:
All anodes are tied in common. Segment will be lit whenever a low voltage is applied.

2.

1.

Common Cathode:
all cathodes are tied in common. Segment will be lit whenever a high voltage is applied. Current limiting resistors must be included or else you might damage ENG3640 Fall 2012 display.

2.

27

Seven Segment Displays: Examples

Depending on the type of display used a different hex code is generated by the MCU. 1. Common Anode: sending a ``0 will illuminate the segment. 2. Common Cathode: sending a ``1 will illuminate the segment.

ENG3640 Fall 2012

28

Seven Segment Displays: Decoders

Some ICs are specially designed to drive 7segment displays. They contain buffers to supply required drive currents. When using MC144495 decoder, no current limiting resistors have to be used since they are built in the MC14495

ENG3640 Fall 2012

29

Software 7-Segment Code Look-up

If your interface circuit uses only buffers and resistors to connect an output port to a seven segment display, you will have to use software to generate the character codes. LAB #2
The program can do this by using a look-up table. The contents of the table depends on the application and type of display. For example, to display hex digits for a common anode display, entry 4 would have the byte $19. What addressing mode to use?

ENG3640 Fall 2012

30

Interfacing a Switch: Pull Up

To convert the mechanical signal into an electrical signal, a resistor pull-up is used. The amount of current this output can source is determined by the resistor value. When the switch is open, Output? When the switch is closed, Output? +5V 1K I/O
switch Open Closed Output +5V 0V

Port

ENG3640 Fall 2012

31

Interfacing a Switch: Pull Down

When the switch in pull-down circuit is open the output is pulled to the ground The amount of current this output can sink (IOL) is determined by the resistor value.

+5V
I/O
switch Open Closed Output 0V +5V

1K

Port

ENG3640 Fall 2012

32

Interfacing a Switch: PORTJ MCU

Port J on the MC68HC812A4 supports both internal pull-ups and pull-downs. Either of the two previous circuits could be implemented on the 6812 without the resistor
+5V PJ1 with pull-down PJ0 with pull-up

ENG3640 Fall 2012

33

PORTJ: Pull-up/Pull-down Registers

Each bit in the PUPSJ Register corresponds to a PORT J pin. Each bit selects a pull-up or pull-down device for the associated PORT J pin. The pull-up or pull-down is active only if enabled by the PULEJ Register

ENG3640 Fall 2012

34

PORTJ: Pull-up/Pull-down Registers

DDRJ PUPSJ bit 1 0 0 0 X X 0 1

PULEJ bit X 0 1 1

Port J mode Regular output Regular input Input with passive pulldown Input with passive pullup
35

ENG3640 Fall 2012

PORTJ: Data Register/Data Direction

RECALL: PORTJ can act as a general purpose I/O PORTJ (Data Register) and DDRJ (Data Direction Register) are used to setup the port for reading/writing information PORT J is also used in the key wakeup feature of the MC6812!

ENG3640 Fall 2012

36

PORTJ : Wakeup Flag/Interrupt Enable

The key wakeup feature of the MC6812 issues an interrupt that wakes up the CPU when it is in stop or wait mode. Wakeups are triggered with falling/rising signal edge An interrupt is generated when a bit in KWIFJ register and its corresponding KWIEJ bit are both set.

ENG3640 Fall 2012

37

Switch Bouncing

When mechanical switches are opened or closed there are brief oscillations due to mechanical bouncing (switch bounce).
+5V +5V A 0V

What is the consequence of such bouncing for interfacing?

ENG3640 Fall 2012 38

Switch Debouncing

When the mechanical switch is touched (pressed) or released it bounces microscopically for a period of milliseconds. The MCU will see many occurrences of ``make and ``break instead of one occurrence. The MCU should see only one ``break and one ``make

ENG3640 Fall 2012

39

Switch Debouncing: Techniques

1. 2. 3.

Several techniques exist to solve the debouncing problem: Hardware Techniques:

RS-flip flop Integrating debouncer (capacitor) Schmitt Trigger Circuit

1.

Software Techniques:
Delay loops

ENG3640 Fall 2012

40

Hardware Debouncing: Flip Flop

An SR latch can be used to debounce a switch +5V Q R R Q +5V

NAND
I1 I2 0 1 0 1 F 1 1 1 0

0 0 1 1

S 0 1 1 1 0
ENG3640 Fall 2012

R 1 1 0 1 0

Q 1 1 0 0 X
41

Hardware Debouncing: Schmitt Trigger

A Schmitt trigger is a special circuit that uses feedback internally to shift the switching threshold depending on whether the input is changing from low to high or high to low. The difference between V T+ and V T- is called hysteresis. A 74LS14 Schmitt Trigger inverter can be used to debounce a switch. VOUT V TV T+
5.0

Example: 74LS14

2.1

2.9

5.0

VIN

ENG3640 Fall 2012

42

Hardware Debouncing: Schmitt Trigger

A noisy slowly changing input

Output produced by ordinary inverter

ENG3640 Fall 2012

43

Hardware Debouncing: Schmitt Trigger

A noisy slowly changing input

Output produced by ordinary inverter

Output produced by inverter with 0.8 V of hysteresis

ENG3640 Fall 2012 44

Integrating Debouncer:

5V

The RC constant of the integrator determines the rate at which the capacitor charges up towards the supply voltage. The capacitor value is chosen large enough so that Vout does not exceed the zero threshold value while the switch is bouncing! Threshold Level

Vout

ENG3640 Fall 2012

45

Calculating the capacitor value

Given R = 1K, bounce time = 5ms, what is the value of C such that the output voltage seen by the MCU = 0.7V?

Vout = 5 5e-t/RC 0.7 >= 5 5e -5ms/(1K.C) 0.86 <= e -5ms/(1K.C)

1/0.86 >= e 5ms/(1K.C)

1.16 > = e 5ms/(1K.C) ln(1.16) >= 5ms/(1K.C) C >= 5ms/(1K.ln(1.16)) = 33micro Farad.
ENG3640 Fall 2012 46

Integrating Debouncer:

5V

The capacitor value is chosen such that the voltage does not exceed the 0.7-V threshold of the NOT gate while it is bouncing.

R Vout C

74LS14
MCU Input Port

Problem?
ENG3640 Fall 2012 47

Integrating Debouncer:
5V 74LS14 1K Vout MCU Input Port C Current can be large (causes spark), these sparks will produce carbon deposits on the switch that will build up until switch no longer works. To limit the current a small resistor is placed in series with the switch.
ENG3640 Fall 2012 48

22 ohm

Software Debouncing

To debounce a switch we can use the following simple approach: 1. A software time delay is used that provides a time delay (usually 10-20 ms) longer than the duration of the switch bouncing action. 2. So if switch goes low, wait for longer than 10ms or 20ms and then test for the switch still being low.

ENG3640 Fall 2012

49

Keyboard/Keypad Interfacing

Keyboards are used to enter input into a computer. A common type of keyboard is the matrix type. It saves an amount of I/O wiring because the keys share wires. Each has its own combination of row and column.

ENG3640 Fall 2012

50

Keypad Interfacing

Each key has an identifying number (key code or scan code) as well as a character or function associated with it. For example key 11 has the character (0). How does the MCU identify that key 11 was pressed? By Sending a signal to terminal G and Checking terminal E, it will find a short circuit thus it will identify the key to be 11.

ENG3640 Fall 2012

51

Keypad Decoding
1. To detect a short circuit, the MCU drives one of the output lines low 2. Checks the corresponding input line, if it is low, key was pressed. 3. If the key was not pressed, the open circuit allows the resistor to pull up the input line to logic high. 4. The combination of both low logic column and row will identify the pressed key. 68HC12
PP7 PP6 PP5 PP4 PP3 PP2 PP1 PP0 10KW

0
3 2 1 0 7 6 5 4 B A 9 8 F E D C

Table 7.6 Sixteen-key keypad row selections PP7 1 1 1 0 PP6 1 1 0 1 PP5 1 0 1 1 PP4 0 1 1 1 0, 4, 8, C, Selected keys 1, 5, 9, D, 2, 6, A, E, and 3 and 7 and B and F

VCC Figure 7.23 Sixteen-key keypad connected to 68HC12

52

Keypad Decoding
Write an assembly subroutine that reads a character from the keypad. The subroutine should perform keypad scanning, debouncing, and ASCII code generation.

Steps:
1. Configure Port H such that 4 MSB are output and 4 LSB are input. 2. Select the row containing keys 0,1,2,3

3. If Key 0 pressed then

4. 5. debounce key 0 (i.e. jump to subroutine wait 10ms) get the ASCII code of 0

6. else if key 1 pressed then 7. debounce key 1 (i.e. jump to subroutine wait 10ms)

See page 265, Example 7.9 in your text book

ENG3640 Fall 2012 53

Liquid Crystal Displays

Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) are widely used in microcomputer systems (Embedded Systems).
1.

They are used in watches, calculators, instrument panels, consumer electronic displays (VCRs)

1.

Advantages over LEDs and 7-Segment Displays?

Low power consumption with respect to LEDs. This allows the display and even the computer system to be battery operated. LCDs are more flexible in their sizes and shapes. So this permits the combination of numbers-letters, graphics to be driven with relatively simple interface.

2.

1.

Disadvantage?
Low response.

ENG3640 Fall 2012

54

Liquid Crystal Displays: Structure

1. An LCD display has two plates separated by crystal material. 2. The polarizer plates are used to pass light (acts like a capacitor). 3. The liquid crystal can be made to pass or stop light.

4. Unlike LEDs that convert electric power to optical power, an LCD uses AC voltage to change the light.
5. An LCD could be either of reflective type or an absorption type.
ENG3640 Fall 2012 55

Liquid Crystal Displays: Operation

1. The light energy is supplied by (a) room (b) separate back light. 2. The LCD display requires an alternating excitation wave applied to selected electrodes to charge selected areas. 3. The excitation wave develops an electrostatic field to align the liquid crystal molecules in these selected areas. 4. When the crystals are aligned they allow light to pass through to the mirror. 5. In the charged areas the mirror reflects more light.
ENG3640 Fall 2012 56

Liquid Crystal Displays: Operation

An LCD display requires an alternating excitation wave applied to selected electrodes to change selected areas. A constant (DC) excitation signal will polarize and destroy the crystal.

Control
XOR

FP

Front Plane

VLCD
60 Hz Oscillator

Liquid Crystal Material

BP

Back Plane

ENG3640 Fall 2012

57

Liquid Crystal Displays: Operation

The oscillator output BP is a square wave with frequency of 60Hz. When the Control signal is low, FP is in phase with BP. Therefore, VLCD will be zero (display is blank). When control signal is high, VLCD will be an AC square wave and the display reflects light (display is visible).

ENG3640 Fall 2012

58

Liquid Crystal Displays: HD44780

The HD44780 is an industry standard LCD controller. An I/O port can easily be used to interface with the HD44780. By controlling the value of RS and R/W the MCU can easily either sends instructions or data to the controller. Most operations require 40 micro seconds to complete. To be used in LAB #4.

ENG3640 Fall 2012

59

HD44780 LCD Controller Instr. Set

Instruction Command Code Description Time

Clear Display

00000001

Clears Display

1.64 ms

Cursor Home

0000001x

Returns cursor to home position

1.64 ms

Function Set

001 DL N F * *

Sets interface data length, # of display lines, char font

40 micro sec

Display on/off control

0000 1 D C B

Set on/off of all display (D), cursor on/off (C), and blink (B)

40 micro sec

D: display on/off. F: font size B: cursor blink on/off. N: number of lines.

0=off, 1=on 0=5x7 dots, 1=5x10 dots 0=off, 1=on 0=1 line, 1=2 lines
ENG3640 Fall 2012 60

HD44780: Initialization
LCD Initialization Routine initlcd ldaa jsr ldaa jsr ldaa jsr ldaa jsr rts #$3C lcdcmd #$0f lcdcmd #$14 lcdcmd #$01 lcdcmd ; configure display format to 2x40 ; ; turn on display and cursor ; ; shift cursor right ; ; clear display and return cursor to home ;

; Send a command in A to the LCD command register lcdcmd staa cmd_reg ; write command jsr delay40 ; wait rts
ENG3640 Fall 2012 61

ENG3640 Fall 2012

62

Interfacing: Loads

The second case is to loads which will require more current than 10mA
1.

2.

We might want to connect an LED or small relay to an output of the MCU. To do this we need to add a resistor to limit the current or a driver IC to protect the MCU from dangerous current levels or transients.

The Maximum Ratings in the electrical specifications for the 68HC12 is +/- 25mA. This Maximum ratings give the value that if exceeded may destroy the part.
ENG3640 Fall 2012 63

Interfacing: No-Loads

The data sheet for a digital device lists two values for the voltage output levels. 1. The first is for small loads, typically 10mA (use for the same family, i.e HCMOS devices) 2. This represents about 10 HCMOS logic gates.

ENG3640 Fall 2012

64

Interfacing: Current Parameters

The interface current parameters are the output currents, IOH and IOL, and the input leakage current IIN.
1. 2. 3.

IOH is the current flowing out of a high output IOL is the current flowing out of a low output IIN is the leakage current that flows into or out of an input pin.

These currents are used to determine the static fanout of a device, that is, the number of inputs that can be connected to one output while preserving the required voltage margins.
1. 2. 3.

Static fanout for a low output is: nL = | IOL,max |/| IIn | Static fanout for a high output is: nH = | IOH,max |/| IIn | n = min [ nH, nL ]
ENG3640 Fall 2012 65

Interfacing: Simple Load Model

To determine the output characteristics, we need to model the port output as shown. Rp is the equivalent resistance of the internal PMOS, and Rn is the equivalent resistor of the internal NMOS. When the output is high, the PMOS is on and the NMOS is off.

Assume that the resistance for a transistor that is off is infinite. Rp(on)max = VDD-VOH,min / | IOH | Rn(on)max = VOL,max / | IOL |

ENG3640 Fall 2012

66

Operating Modes and Resource Mapping

1. 2.

The MCU can operate in eight different modes. Each mode has a different default memory map and external bus configuration. After reset, most system resources can be mapped to other addresses by writing to the appropriate control register. The states of BKGD, MODB and MODA pins during reset determine the operating mode after reset. Two basic types of operating modes Normal Mode Special Mode

ENG3640 Fall 2012

67

Operating Modes

Normal Modes: Some registers and bits are protected against accidental changes. Special Modes: Protected control registers and bits are allowed greater access for special purposes such as testing and emulation.

BKGD

MODB

MODA

Mode

Port A Port B

Port C

Port D

0 0 0 0 1 1
1

0 0 1 1 0 0
1

0 1 0 1 0 1
0

Special single-chip Special expanded narrow Special peripheral

G.P.(1) I/O ADDR ADDR ADDR G.P. I/O ADDR

G.P. I/O DATA DATA DATA G.P. I/O DATA

G.P. I/O G.P. I/O DATA DATA G.P. I/O G.P. I/O

Special expanded wide

Normal single chip Normal expanded narrow
Reserved (forced to peripheral)

Normal expanded wide

ENG3640 Fall 2012

ADDR

DATA

DATA
68

Operating Modes

Normal Single Chip: No external buses. The MCU operates as a stand-alone device and all program and data resources are on chip. Special Single-Chip Mode: This mode can be used to force the MCU to active Background Debug Mode (BDM). Normal Expanded Wide Mode: The 16-bit external address bus uses port A for the high byte and port B for the low byte. The 16-bit external data bus uses port C for the high byte and port D for the low byte (Factory Configured!) Special Peripheral Mode: The CPU is not active in this mode. An external master can control on-chip peripherals for testing purposes.

ENG3640 Fall 2012

69

Normal Drive Strength Output Characteristics

Parameter
VOH,min (no load, IOH < 10m A) VOH,min (IOH = -0.8mA) VOL,max (no-load, IOL < 10m A) VOL,max (IOL = 1.6mA) R p(on), max R n(on), max

68HC912B32 Value
VDD-0.2V VDD-0.8V 0.2V 0.4V 1000W 250W

ENG3640 Fall 2012

70

Connecting an LED to an Output Port

1.

Step 1. Determine RL such that IL is at least 5mA.

IL flows through RL the LED, and through R n(on) . R p(on) is infinite because PMOS is off. RL = (VDD - IF.R n(on) VF) / IF = (5V 5mA.250W 2V) / 5mA = 150 The closest 1% standard resistor value is 147

2. 3. 4.

Step 2. Determine if 147 is large enough to limit the current to less than 25mA under all conditions and assume VDD,max = +5V (+-10%) = 5.5V
1. 2.

Conservative approach: set R n(on), min =0 and V F,min = 0 Practical approach: use 50% of the maximum values for R n(on), min and V F,min
ENG3640 Fall 2012 71

Connecting an LED to an Output Port

Conservative Approach: IF,max = (VDD,max) / (RL,min) = 5.5V/145.5 = 37.8mA

This exceed the max current specs (25mA) which means that the MCU could be destroyed. Another IC such as a 74AC240 would have to be used to drive the LED

ENG3640 Fall 2012

72

Connecting an LED to an Output Port

Practical Estimation (Cost of adding an extra IC can be prohibitive for some cost-sensitive designs!)

IF,max = (VDD,max VF,min)) / (RL,min + R n(on).min) = (5.5V-1V)/(145.5 ohm 125 ohm) = 16.64mA

This is well within the 25mA limit of the output and the maximum current limit of the LED.
ENG3640 Fall 2012 73

PORTJ: Initialization
The software initialization sets bits in PUPEJ register to enable pull-up or pull-down. For each Port J pin that is enabled for pull-up or pull-down, the corresponding bit in the PUPSJ register determines if it is pull-up (1) or pull-down (0). // MC68HC812A4 // Port J bit 1 is connected to a switch to +5, using internal pull-down // port J bit 0 is connected to a switch to 0, using internal pull-up Void Initialization(void){ DDRJ &= 0xFC; // PJ1 PJ0 inputs KPOLJ |= 0x03; // flags set on the rise of PJ1 and PJ0 KWIEJ &= 0xFC; // disarm PJ1, PJ0 KWIFJ = 0x03; // clear flags PUPSJ = (PUPSJ&0xFC)|0x01; // pull-down on PJ1, pull-up on PJ0 PULEJ |= 0x03;} // enable pull-up and pull-down

ENG3640 Fall 2012 74

Hardware Debouncing: Flip Flop

An SR latch can be used to debounce a switch

+5V

+5V
ENG3640 Fall 2012 75

Software Flowcharts for debouncing

Wait for press
Wait for release

Switch

Switch

not pressed

pressed

pressed
Wait 10 ms

not pressed
Wait 10 ms

RTS

RTS

Polling vs Interrupt Driven?

ENG3640 Fall 2012 76

Using Hardware Decoding Chips

8x8 matrix keyboard with 64-keys, 74HC138 (3-to-8 Decoder), and 74HC151 (multiplexer). PC0, PC1, PC2 are used to send values to rows The MCU will scan the columns one by one via PC3, PC4, PC5

ENG3640 Fall 2012

77

Software Debouncing

1.

To debounce a switch we can use several approaches: Approach #1:

A software time delay is used that provides a time delay (usually 1020 ms) longer than the duration of the switch bouncing action. So if switch goes low, wait for longer than 10ms or 20ms and then test for the switch still being low.

2.

1.

Approach #2:
Initialize a counter with a value of 10 and after the first logic low level is detected, poll the switch every millisecond. If the switch output is low, decrement the counter. If the switch output is high increment the counter. When the counter reaches zero, we know the switch output has been low for at least 10 ms. But if the counter reaches 20, we know that the switch has been open for at least 10 ms.

2.

3.

ENG3640 Fall 2012

78

Keyboard Decoding

Some keyboards have an extra common terminal. So if a key is pressed, a short circuit occurs between the common and the keys row and column line. When PC0 is driven low and one key is pressed, one of the row inputs and one of the column inputs will be low. The keyboard software driver routine checks which inputs are low and determine the key code.

ENG3640 Fall 2012

79

Keypad Decoding
1. To detect a short circuit, the MCU drives one of the output lines low 2. Checks the corresponding input line. 3. If it is low, the key was pressed. 4. If the key was not pressed, the open circuit allows the resistor to pull up the input line to logic high. 5. The combination of both low logic column and row will identify the pressed key. 6. For example, to check key code 5 the MCU drives PC1 (terminal J) low and checks the input at PC5 (terminal E) .
ENG3640 Fall 2012 80

Keypad Interfacing
Understand Keypad Interface *(Note: 68HC12812A4 has
internal pull-up on all pins; not all are shown here)

To identify the key code, the MCU scans each contact in sequence.

ENG3640 Fall 2012

81

Keypad Decoding: 4x4 keypad

MCU sends low signal to these lines

MCU checks these lines

ENG3640 Fall 2012

82