Temperature Enzyme concentration

pH value

Substrate concentration

Factors affecting enzyme

Chemical denaturation

Enzyme concentration
Concentration of substrate is limiting

As the enzyme concentration increases, the rate of reaction will increase. However, equilibrium will be reached when no matter how much enzyme is present, the reaction will not occur any quicker.

Substrate concentration
All active sites are occupied. Enzymes are working at maximum rate.

Increasing [S] increases collision rate and increases reaction rate

Increasing the substrate concentration will increase the rate of reaction until it reaches a maximum. After this point, increases in substrate concentration will not increase the rate of reaction.

Temperature
Activation energy Speed of molecule Thermal stability of substrate and enzyme
Factors due Temperature

At low temperature, the rate is very low.

Increasing temperature, the rate of enzyme activity increases.

At optimum temperature, rate of reaction is the highest.

After optimum temperature, rate of reaction decreases..

pH changes
Extreme of pH will denature protein. Even small changes around neutral pH can affect the ionisation of amino acid side-chains in the active site. A change in one pH unit Is a ten fold change in H+ ion concentration.

Pepsin acidic condition in stomach Amylase approximately neutral Trypsin alkaline condition in the small intestine

Chemical denaturation
Isolated enzyme can be denatured by changes in chemical conditions. Examples: 1. high salt concentration disrupt ionic interaction between different regions of the chain. 2. urea denatures protein by disrupting the H2 bond.
Certain chemical inhibitors totally inactivate enzyme and their effects are irreversible.

What happen? When? How does it happen?

Terrorist attack on the Tokyo underground by using sarin gas March 1995 Sarin gas is poisonous. It is similar n struture with DFP (di-(1methylethyl)fluorophosphate) DFP is a reagent which bind to serine residues in enzyme. It function as nerve gas.

Enzyme needs assistantProsthetic groups and coenzyme

Many enzymes require a non-protein group, cofactor to function as catalyst. If not, there is no enzyme activity.

Type of cofactor
Prosthetic group
organic groups that are permanently bound to the enzyme

Activators
Coenzyme

cations - positively charged metal ions temporarily bind to the active site of the enzyme. vitamins or made from vitamins not permanently bound to the enzyme molecule, but combine with the enzymesubstrate complex temporarily

 Water and ion channels in cell membranes are form by protein. These protein has enzyme-like function. They are trans-membrane protein (a protein that goes from one side of a membrane through to the other side of the membrane)

Example..
sodium-potassium pump in neurones. pump ejects 3 sodium ions for every 2 potassium ions that it pulls in. inside of the cell builds up a net negative charge compared with the surrounding "extracellular" fluid.