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Ambient refers to Open-air to differentiate from indoor or workplace air quality Indoor air pollution Pollution of the workplace air such as factory buildings (generated by the pollutants emitted during the process) Household air pollution refers to the air pollution in houses from indoor sources.
Sometimes pollution level of the indoor air might be higher than that of the outside air. If there are no sources in the house than indoor air quality should be better than that of ambient air, surfaces in the houses can absorb or react with gaseous pollutants and retain particles. But, there are some indoor sources .......... Furniture, carpets, wall paints, Most important ......... Kitchen
Figure 4.1
7
6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1
(a)
instrument
given in Figure 4-1 (a). Same records recorded by instruments with 15 min, 1 hr, 6 hr averaging times are shown in Figure 4-1 (b), (c), and (d).
Time (hours) 5
4 3 2 1 0 0 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 Time (hours) 4 5 6 15 min integration time
(b)
(c)
1 2 3 Time (hours) 4 5 6
You
can
construct
the
0 0
5 4 3 2 1 0 0
(d)
5
1 2 3 Time (hours) 4 5 6
Figure 4.1
measurements
averaging times.
are
called
(a)
Averaging times that should be used is determined by the regulations. Generally continuous records such as that given in Figure 4-1 (a) is not very useful for regulatory purposes. E.g., the Turkish Air Quality
Time (hours) 5
4 3 2 1 0 0 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 Time (hours) 4 5 6 15 min integration time
(b)
(c)
1 2 3 Time (hours) 4 5 6
0 0
5 4 3 2 1 0 0
Regulation
have
two
different
(d)
6
1 2 3 Time (hours) 4 5 6
Figure 4.1
7 6 Rapid response instrument
5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
(a)
Time (hours) 5
4 3 2 1 0 0 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 Time (hours) 4 5 6 15 min integration time
(b)
(c)
1 2 3 Time (hours) 4 5 6
0 0
5 4 3 2 1 0 0
(d)
7
1 2 3 Time (hours) 4 5 6
CYCLES Pollutant concentrations show some typical cyclic behavior. It is important to understand these: To assess the effects on the receptors To determine the averaging times of the instruments.
Seasonal cycles. Due to seasonal variations in the climate and weather. E.g., Seasonal variation of suspended particulate matter concentration is given in Figure 4.3.
50 g m-3 0 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66
These
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Substances pollutants.
directly
emitted
from
sources
are
called
primary
and NO2
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Primary pollutants that react to form secondary pollutants are called precursors Primary pollutants are more visible, hence attract more attention. E.g., A black plume coming out from stack is the primary concern. Although, primary pollutants are not harmless, most of the adverse effects of air pollution is produced by the secondary pollutants. E.g., Plant, forest or lake damage due to acid rain, eye irritation as a
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AIR QUALITY LEVELS Refer to the concentration values of pollutants that are being
regulated.
Poor air quality for a particular day indicate that the
effective.
2. Which Pollutants?
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What types of pollutants take place in air quality standards? Usually the ones that have; health effects on humans, adverse effects on: animals, Plants material.
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Usually one or two pollutants are used to monitor certain type of pollution.
SO2 and SPM10 are used to monitor air pollution originating from
combustion of fossil fuels.
NOx, NO and NO2 are used to monitor pollution originating from motor vehicles,
What determines: Ease of measurement, represeantativeness. Eg. There is many more organic compounds generally in teh form
aldehydes, ketones produced in photochem smog formation, but their measurements is diffcult.
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Heavy metals such as Pb, and Cd are used to monitor heavy metal
pollution from motor vehicles and combustion sources, respectively.
Some of the pollutants are monitored where their emissions are high
because of their toxicity. streets. Table 1 gives parameters that should be monitored according to Turkish Eg. Hydrocarbons (HC) and CO at busy
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Display of Air Quality Data Air quality data consists of 1-hr or 24-hr averaged concentration values of various parameters that are being monitored. These values should be summarized in tables and figures so that they indicate Short-term variations Long-term variation Frequency of occurrences
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500
400 300 200 100 0 20222430 2 4 6 232527 212325 1 3 5 22242614 3 5 7 242628 7 9 7 9 11 9 11 13 2 4 6 232527 6 8 10 8 1012101214 Day
19
140
130 120 110 100 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
20
Hours of day
50
40 30 20 10 0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
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Yearly averages (if you have long enough data) to show long
term trends
Ankara SO2
500 400 ug m-3 300 200 100 0 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 SO2 PM
22
247,5
112,5
135
23
akmakl 2 km
F5
33 32 31 30 29 28 34 35 36 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 22 16 14 15
1.5 1 0.5
Horozgedii 0.4 km
27 26 25 24 23
21 20
17 19 18
Kozbeyli 3.4 km
N NW NE
SW S
SE
The median is a concentration value such that 50% of the measured concentrations are higher than it (naturally 50% of the measured concentrations are lower than the median)
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E.g.,
monitoring program: 73, 35, 46, 23, 136, 45, 68, 34, 95, 103, 76. List then from high to low 136, 103, 95, 76, 73, 68, 46, 45, 35, 34, 23 Since there is 11 measurements value #6 which is 68 g m-3.
This may look like arithmetic mean but median is not equal to average. It
is equal to average only if the distribution of the data is normal (Gaussian). But atmospheric concentrations of all sorts show a lognormal distribution.
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Gaussian Distribution: Bell shaped distribution. Represented by arithmetic mean (average). Standard deviation ( ) is the 1 2 3
x 1 (33%)
x 1 (66%) x 1 (99%)
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Lognormal distribution: Skewed distribution. Linear line when plotted on logprobability paper. If you take the logarithm of all data then plot frequency distribution it will be bell shaped curve. Log normal distribution is represented by geometric mean (xg) and geometric standard deviation (g). xg = (x1 x2 x3 .. xn)1/n 1/3 of data is between (xg g) and (xg/g)
g
Median
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30
100
31
N NW 100 75 50 25 0 NE
NW
E
Keiren
SW S S SE
Keiren
100 75 50 25 0 S S
NE
SW
SE
N NE ankaya E
SW S
SE
SO2 Winter
SW S
SE
PM-10 Winter
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1200
1000
Al
600
400
200
0 -10
-5
5 Temp (C)
10
15
20
25
33
14 12 10
8
As conc (ngm) 6 4 2 0 0 5 10 15 Temperature 20 25 30 35
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Adverse Responses to Air quality Levels Table 4.5 Examples of Receptor Category Characteristic Response Times Table 4.6 Comparison of Pollutant Standard Index (PSI) Values, Pollutant Levels, and General Health Effects Figure 4.10 Adverse responses to various pollution levels
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36
37
7 6 Rapid response instrument 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 Time (hours) 4 5 6 6-hr integration time 1 2 3 Time (hours) 4 5 6 1 2 3 Time (hours) 4 5 6 15 min integration time 1 2 3 Time (hours) 4 5 6
Figure 4.1
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
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12.00 10.00
8.00
6.00 4.00
2.00 0.00
12
15
18
21
24
Spring
Summer
Fall
Winter
50 g m-3 0 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66
40
g m-3
1970
1975
1980
Milan
1985
Brussel
1990
Tokyo
1995
Ankara
2000
Variation of SO42- ion concentration at ubuk station between 1993 and 1998
10
1
S;O4 (ug m-3)
0,1
0,01
0,001 93 93 94 94 94 94 95 95 95 96 96 96 96 97 97 97 97 98 98 98
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TYPE OF REACTION
Primary pollutants
Acid gas
Secondary pollutants
Unpolluted Atmosphere
Simple reaction
Alkaline particle
Salt Particle
O2
H2O
NH3 NO
NO2
S (eg., SO2)
Free radicals Higher Molecular Weight HC Ans sulfurContaining Droplets and particles
O2
Figure 4.6. Primary and secondary pollutants. *Reaction can occur without catalysis
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Table 1. Parameters that should be monitored according to Turkish Air Quality Regulation.
Parameter a) General b) Industrial zone 2. Carbon Monoxide (CO) 3. Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) 4. Nitrogen monoxide (NO) 5. Chloride (Cl 2) 6. Hydrogen chloride (HCl) and 7. Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) and Inorganic fuorine in gaseous form (F?) Unit (g/m3) (g/m3) (g/m3) (g/m3) (g/m3) (g/m ) (g/m3) (g/m3) LTL 150 250 10000 100 200 100 100 STL 400 400 30000 300 600 300 300 10 (30) (900) (900) 1. Sulphur dioxide (SO ) Including Sulphur Trioxide 2
8. Ozone (O3) and photochemical oxidants 9. Hydrocarbons (HC) 10. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) (g/m3) (g/m3)
Table 1. Parameters that should be monitored according to Turkish Air Quality Regulation (cntd).
Parameter 11. Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) (particles with diameter less than 10 micron) a) General b) Industrial zone 12. Lead (Pb) in SPM 13. Cadmium (Cd) in SPM 14. Settleable dust (including particulates with diameter greater than 10 micron) a) General b) Industrial zone 15. Lead in settleable dust 16. Cadmium (Cd) in settleable dust 17. Thallium (Tl) in settleable dust (mg/m2day) (mg/m2day ) (mg/m2 day) (mg/m2 day) (mg/m2 day) 350 450 500 7,5 10 650 800 (g/m3) (g/m3) 150 200 2 0.04 300 400 Unit LTL STL
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Cyclic Factor Measured Annual trend Seasonal cycle Weekly cycle Diurnal cycle Turbulence
Measurement of method with same averaging time Metal specimen Dustfall Hi-vol Sequential sampler Continuous instrument
Effect with same averaging time Corrosion Soiling Human health Vegetation damage Irritation (odor)
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Table 4.3 Mean chemical composition and Atmospheric Concentrations of Suspended Matter sampledby the US EPA inhalable particle and natural National Air Surveillance Networks-g m-3 and percentage of total mass sampled, 1980
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Table 4.4 distribution of cities by population class and particulate matter concentration, 1957-1967
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Ankara SO2
500 400 ug m-3 300 200 100 0 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 SO2 PM
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SO2
10
5 270 90
247,5
112,5
135
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Figure 4.8. SO2 concentration versus averaging time and frequency for 1980 at US National Aerometric Data Bank (NADB) Site St. Louis 55
Figure 4.9. Frequency of 1-hr average SO2 concentrations equal to or greater than stated values During 1980 at US NADB site St. Louis
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Table 4.6 Comparison of Pollutant Standard Index (PSI) Values, Pollutant Levels, and General Health Effects
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