CM016G05

IMS Transaction Manager
Unit 5
Copyright IBM Corporation 2008 Course materials may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the prior written permission of IBM.
5.1
Objectives
Understand the goals and architecture of IMS/TM (Transaction Management) Learn the LTERM concept and how it relates to messages, message types and queues Learn how IMSGEN control blocks required for TM are coded and maintained Know the how IMSGEN control blocks, PSB and MFS control blocks are used in TM Understand the Master Terminal Operator and IMS terminal commands Understand IMS system security, integrity and maintenance functions
Copyright IBM Corporation 2008
Multiple IMS Batch Address Spaces

z/OS
IMS/BATCH Address Space
Application

Application

Application
DL/I Modules
DL/I Modules
DL/I Modules
Data Buffers
Data Buffers
Data Buffers
Database (A)
System Log
Database (B)
System Log
Database (C)
System Log
Goals of IMS/TM
Provide high-volume, rapid response transaction management processing for application programs accessing
IMS/DB database (full function and Fast Path) DB2 tables
Define a logical/physical terminal structure that supports

Growth Change independence Usage of common resources Productivity
Support database management integration

Data integrity through two phase commit of unit of work Reliability/availability/serviceability (RAS) through transaction/database logging
IMS/TM Architecture
MASTER TERMINA L
USER TERMINA LS
z/OS
IMSCTL
Control Region
DBRC
Recovery Control
DLISAS
DL/I Subordinate Address Space DL/I ACTION MODULES
MPR
Message Processing Region APPL PGM
BMP
Batch Message Processing APPL PGM
IFP
Fast Path Region APPL PGM
TELECOMMUNICATIONS MESSAGE SCHEDULING
LOG CTL
LOGGING/ RESTART
MSG QUEUE
ONLINE LOG DATA SET
RECON
CORPORATE DATABASES
IMS/TM makes data available to the end-user...

IMS/TM Dependent Regions

Maximum of 999 dependent regions
Message Processing Regions (MPRs):
Selective start-up at IMS initialization Processes "online" transactions from terminals IMSCTL automatically "schedules" application programs for execution to process IMS/DB databases, or DB2 tables Many different application programs can process in a given MPR throughout processing period
Started when JOB submitted by operations Runs one application-program to process queued transactions, IMS/DB databases, and/or z/OS files Allows batch-type programs to process IMS queues and databases while IMS/TM system is available Bypass IMS/TM scheduling via Expedited Message Handler (EMH) For large transaction volumes that require fast response
Batch Message Processing (BMP) regions:
Interactive Fast Path (IFP) regions:
Logical Terminal (LTERM) Concept

IMSCTL (Control Region) DATA COMMUNICATIONS:
PHYSICAL TERMINAL
MPR (Msg. Processing Region)
LOGICAL TERMINAL
ABC
APPLICATION PROGRAM
'ANYPGM'
MESSAGES
PHYSICAL TERMINAL
LOGICAL TERMINAL
XYZ
PHYSICAL TERMINAL
3
Message Types
Transactions
TRANcode (PASSWORD) 1 8 9 18 text 19 n
Originate from terminal (most IMS/TM activity) Can originate from another application-program via "program-switch"
Message-switches
LTERMnme (PASSWORD) 1 8 9 18
text 19
Allows terminals to communicate with each other
Commands
/ COMMAND-VERB 1 2
(PASSWORD)
text n
Mostly entered by MTO Some commands may be entered from user terminals
Message Type Examples

Transactions:
SALARY(XPSWD) 123456 'Salary for John Doe (123456) is $xxx.xx' ADDINV PART 9876 QTY=50 'Inventory on 9876: 10-Speed Bicycle = 9950 units'
Message-Switches
ACTGTERM ACCOUNTING DEPARTMENT MEETING AT 2:00PM
Commands
/checkpoint freeze /start line 5 pterm 2 /change(zzzyyx) password 999888 to password 888999
Message Queue (1 of 2)
LOGICAL TERMINAL
(LTERM)
z/OS
IMS/TM IMS/MPR1
GET FROM
IMS/MPR2
GET FROM QUEUE
QUEUE
QUEUE MANAGER
INSERT
......
INSERT TO QUEUE
......
TO QUEUE APPL APPL
QUEUE BUFFERS
MESSAGE QUEUE DATA SET(S)

All INPUT and OUTPUT messages are queued...
Message Queue (2 of 2)
1. INPUT TRANSACTIONS are QUEUEd by:
MSG1 (LTERMA) X MSG2 (LTERMB) Y MSG5 (LTERMZ) Y MSG6 (LTERMA) Y
TRAN
TRAN
MSG3 (LTERMX) X MSG4 (LTERMQ) X MSG7 (LTERMX) X
MESSAGE-QUEUE BUFFERS (Control Region) MSG1 RPL1 RPL3 MSG6 MSG2 RPL2 MSG5 MSG4 MSG7 MSG3
2. OUTPUT MESSAGES are QUEUEd by:

LTERMA MESSAGE QUEUE DATA SET(S)
RPL1 (X) RPL3 (X)
LTERMB
RPL2 (Y)
PSBs for IMS Transaction Manager

PCB PCB PSBGEN... TP
Alternate response IOPCB.
Used to send a message.
TYPE=TP TYPE=DB
DB
Used to read or update a database - same as IMS db.
Logical Structures
APPLICATION PROGRAM:
MASK
(TP-) IOPCB
LOGICAL LOGICAL TERMINA TERMINA L L
MASK
ALT IOPCB
ALTERNATE LOGICAL LOGICAL TERMINA L TERMINAL
CUSTOMER MASK DATA BASE PCB ADDRESS PAYROLL
LOGICAL DATABASE STRUCTURE

Message Format Service (MFS)

INVENTORY MENU
100
MESSAGE FORMAT SERVICES (MFS)
10 PART-NO: INVPGM A. DEVICE INPUT FORMAT (DIF)

INVENTORY ON-HAND :
INVPGM
00100
00200
00010
200
B. MESSAGE INPUT DESCRIPTOR (MID) (EDITED MESSAGE) APPL NXT=

PGM ISRT
MODNAME
1000
100 0099 200 0789 10
100
99
200
789
C. MESSAGE OUTPUT DESCRIPTOR (MOD) (EDITED MESSAGE)
10
1000
D. DEVICE OUTPUT FORMAT (DOF)

MFS Formatting a Screen

FORMATTING A SCREEN:
Using /FORMAT command:
/FORMAT PAYMENU PAYROLL MENU: NAME:____________ SERIAL:___________ ADDRESS:_________ DEPT:_____________ PF1=UPDTPF3=EXIT
No program is involved
Using Program-control:
Format screen using output message from a program CALL 'CBLTDLI' USING ISRT IO-PCB IO-AREA PAYMENU
Message that is written to queue contains MOD name to be used to map a DOF (screen-format) name
MFS Creating Control Blocks

Creating MFS control blocks:
//TEST EXEC @MFS //SYSIN DD * PRINT NOGEN
SF00 MSG MFLD MFLD MFLD MSGEND TYPE=OUTPUT, SOR=(SFIL00, IGNORE), OPT=2,NXT=SFIN00,FILL=PT REPLY, LTH=50,JUST=L SKILL, LTH=8, JUST=L Creates NAME,LTH=6, JUST=L
MOD...
SFIN00
MSG
MFLD MFLD MFLD MFLD MFLD MFLD MSGEND
TYPE=INPUT,SOR=SFIL00,OPT=2, NXT=SF00 TRANCD,LTH=6,FILL=NULL TYPESEG,LTH=1,JUST=L, FILL=C' ' SNE, LTH=18,JUST=L, FILL=C' ' DEGREE, LTH=1, JUST=L, FILL=C' ' SUBJECT, LTH=15, JUST=L,FILL=C' ' CDATE,LTH=4, JUST=L,FILL=C' '
Creates MID...
MFS - Source
SFIL00 SFIL00 FMT DEV TYPE=(3270,2) ,FEAT=IGNORE, Creates PFK=(TRANCD,'CONVA '), DIF/DOF... DSCA=X'00A0' DIV TYPE=INOUT DPAGE CURSOR=((5,7)) DFLD 'SKILL INVENTORY UPDATE',POS=(2,30),ATTR=(NUM,PROT,HI) DFLD 'TYPE',POS=(5,2), ATTR=(NUM,PROT,HI) DFLD POS=(5,7), LTH=1 DFLD 'SKILL/EMPLOYEE/COURSE',POS=(7,2),ATTR=(NUM,PROT,HI) DFLD POS=(7,24),LTH=18 DFLD 'DEGREE',POS=(9,2),ATTR=(NUM,PROT,HI) DFLD POS=(9,9),LTH=1 DFLD 'SUBJECT',POS=(11,2),ATTR=(NUM,PROT,HI) DFLD POS=(9,9),LTH=1 DFLD 'COMPLETION DATE',POS=(13,2),ATTR=( NUM,PROT,HI) DFLD POS=(13,18),LTH=4 DFLD 'CURRENT SKILL',POS=(15,2),ATTR=(NUM,PROT,HI) DFLD POS=(15,16),LTH=8 DFLD 'CURRENT NAME',POS=(15,25),ATTR=(NUM,PROT,HI) DFLD POS=(15,39),LTH=6 DFLD 'RESULT',POS=(17,2),ATTR=(NUM,PROT,HI) DFLD POS=(17,9),LTH=50 DFLD 'USE PF KEY 1 TO BEGIN THE CONVERSATION',POS=(23,2) FMTEND
TYPESEG SNE DEGREE SUBJECT CDATE SKILL NAME REPLY
END /*
Master Terminal Operator (MTO)

A system resources controller LTERM that is the operational "hub" of IMS/TM...
MASTER LOGICAL TERMINAL TERMIN AL
COMMUNICATIONS
COMMUNICATION LINES/NODES
SCHEDULING
TRANSACTION S AND PROGRAMS
INTEGRITY
CHECKPOIN T/ RESTART
PHYSICAL TERMINALS
MESSAGE REGIONS
DATABASE DUMP and RECOVERY
LOGICAL TERMINALS
DATABASE(S)
SYSTEM STATUS
z/OS system console is "back-up" to MTO console...

Terminal Commands
MASTER Terminal: /NRESTART "Normal" /ERESTART "Emergency" /CHECKPOINT /DISPLAY /ASSIGN /CHANGE /STOP and /START /SIGN ON USERID PAYROLL /SIGNOFF /IAM LTERM PAYROLL /LOCK LTERM PAYROLL REMOTE Terminal:
NODE DATABASE PROGRAM TRANSACTION REGION
/BROADCAST NODE ALL PAYROLL DATABASE UNAVAILABLE UNTIL 2:00PM /RMLIST DBRC='DB DBD(DIVNTZ04) DBDS' /DBDUMP /DBRECOVERY
/HOLD /RELEASE CONV 004 /EXIT /FORMAT PAYMENU /TEST /EXCLUSIVE /RDISPLAY MASTER
/OPNDST /CLSDST /MODIFY PREPARE /MODIFY COMMIT
/RCLSDST
IMS Security
What Can be Secured? Terminals, Passwords, USERID Sign-on Verification
Transactions Databases (Logical and Physical) Commands
IMS Security Maintenance Utility (SMU) maintains a dual "matrix" for security: Protects IMS Resources/Objects
IMS-provided Internal Security
User-Written Exit Routines:

/SIGN ON Exit Routine (DFSCSGN0) Transaction Authorization Exit Routine (DFSCTRN0) Security Reverification Exit Routine (DFSCTSE0)
SMU Support ended with IMS V9
Terminal and Password Security (1 of 2)

LTERM-Transaction Code matrix:
Terminals can be restricted to designated applications
TRANCODE
P A Y I N G R E F I N D A D D I N V A D D P A R T T A B L E Q D L E T I N V V E N D O R D D I S B U R S R E P L I N V S A L A R Y L I S T I N V U P D T I N V
REC101
T E
SAL102 INV105
1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
INV106
INV107
1
Terminal and Password Security (2 of 2)

Password-Transaction Code matrix
Designated applications can be assigned a "password"
TRANCODE
P A Y I N G R E F I N D A D D I N V A D D P A R T T A B L E Q D L E T I N V V E N D O R D D I S B U R S R E P L I N V S A L A R Y L I S T I N V U P D T I N V
P A S S W O
PSWD01
PSWD02 PSWD05
1 1
R
D
PSWD06
System Integrity Functions

Common Logging Facility:
Database changes, transactions, system status changes
Automatic system checkpoints

Based on system activity System Recovery and Emergency Restart
Database Recovery Control

Similar to batch recovery operations
Program Isolation
Automatic backout for program ABENDs Data Sharing by multiple programs
Normal Restart
Start with unprocessed input/output from previous execution
Common Logging Facility

z/OS
IMS/TM
Control Region Buffers
DBRC
DB Recovery Control Buffers
DLISAS
DL/I Subordinate Address Space
WADS WRITE AHEAD DATA SETS
OLDS1 OLDS2 OLDS3 OLDS4 OLDS5
RECON 1 RECON 2 RECON 3
LOG ARCHIVE UTILITY
SYSTEM LOG DATA SETS
SLDS1 SLDS2
RLDS1
RECOVERY LOG DATA SETS
RLDS2
Common Logging Facility (Cont)

Recording of IMS/DB and IMS/TM system activity:
"Before" and "After" images of changed DL/I segments System status via periodic checkpoints Input and Output messages are logged
Provides integrity and recoverability of DB/TM systems:

Used for Dynamic Backout of failing transactions Used for system "warm" and "emergency" restarts Used for database recovery Used for performance and accounting statistics
Log Write-Ahead (LWA):

To guarantee database integrity, log records are physically written before database physically written Only selected "events" qualify for this technique
OLDS and WADS

Online Log Data Set (OLDS)
Contains log records needed for:
Restart Recovery Backout: Batch and Dynamic
Consists of multiple data sets Allows IMS/TM to continue logging when an "OLDS switch" occurs because of the following:
OLDS is full I/O error while writing to an OLDS Operator commands /DBR or /DBD
Written in a "wrap-around" manner Can be archived automatically to the System Log Data Set (SLDS)
Write Ahead Data Set (WADS):

Contains committed log records not yet written to OLDS
Normally, only full blocks are written
May be used to "close" the OLDS in an emergency

Database Recovery Control (DBRC)

TWO LEVELS OF CONTROL: LOG-CONTROL, controller of IMS log data sets:
Maintains information about OLDS status
e.g. ARCHIVE-NEEDED, AVAILABLE, ARCHIVE-IN-PROGRESS, NEXT-OLDS
2a. SHARE-CONTROL since IMS 6.1 includes RECOVERYCONTROL functions of earlier releases
can assist in database integrity and recovery Database "registration" by database data set Monitors Database Image Copies (ICs), Change Accumulations (CAs), Recoveries (DBRs) Automatic JCL generation of needed job-streams
2b. SHARE-CONTROL enables database sharing:

Access-intent must be registered with a "share-level
Database-level sharing Intra- or inter-processor block-level sharing
There is no DBRC or IMS "parm" that determines Log-Control vs. Share Control Share Control is in effect for individual databases once they are "registered"
"The RECON" for Log-Control (1 of 2)

Recovery Control Data Sets (RECON): Automatic recording of information about:
Online Log Data Set (OLDS) System Log Data Set (SLDS) Recovery Log Data Set (RLDS)
Generation of utility JCL via DBRC command for:

Log Archive Log Recovery
"The RECON" for Log-Control (2 of 2)

OLDS 1
STATUS: ARCHIVE SCHEDULED ARCHIVE JOB: SLDS1 ARC001 RLDS1
//DFSOLP00
RECON OLDS 2 STATUS: IN USE PRIOLD SECOLD PRISLD SECSLD OLDS 3 STATUS: AVAILABLE PRILOG SECLOG
//DFSOLP01
//DFSOLP02
. . .
DBRC Database "Registration" for Share Control

Advantages:
Records recovery-related information in RECON
Example: which OLDS has log data for each database data set (DBDS) registered with DBRC
Controls recovery of databases
Generates JCL for recovery-related utilities

Used to select correct data sets to be used by Recovery and ImageCopy Consolidates changes of log records Saves time Eliminates errors
Register databases with DBRC commands

once a database is registered, Share Control is in effect
Program Isolation
Program "Isolation" (PI) facility is the original IMS Lock manager: Allows multiple online programs to process the same database for update while preserving integrity Dynamic Backout facility: Deadlock Detection:
PROG-A 'GHU' DBR SEGM-A REPL-A 'GHU' DBR SEGM-B
But not the same segment occurrence!
Removes the effects of any programs that abnormally end (ABEND)

Eliminates partial updates; uncommitted updates are backed-out
PROG-B 'GHU' DBR SEGM-B REPL-B 'GHU' DBR SEGM-A
PI selects "loser" transaction for "pseudo"-ABEND and dynamic backout; re-schedules it later...
Checkpoint and Restart (1 of 2)

IMS uses its own CHECKPOINT processing System-wide checkpoint is taken periodically based on
volume of log-records generated
Restart is based on use of a CHECKPOINT which contains

a "snapshot" of system control-blocks to log data set (OLDS)
Restart Type: COLD WARM Checkpoint Selected: CHKPT 0 CHKPT Generated At Previous Shutdown Last CHKPT Written to Log
EMERGENCY
Checkpoint and Restart (2 of 2)

1. 2. 3. 4. z/OS System Failure Stand-alone dump Restart z/OS operating system Emergency Restart IMS:
1. In-flight" transactions re-scheduled 2. Message queue reconstruction 3. Message transmission repositioning
Database backout of "in-flight" transactions
5. Continue processing
z/OS IMS/TM DBRC DLISAS
MESSAGE QUEUE(S)
RECON
DATABASE(S)
IMS Generation (IMSGEN)

IMSGEN MACROS
Macro IMSCTRL IMSCTF MSGQUEUE BUFPOOLS DATABASE APPLCTN TRANSACT COMM TERMINAL NAME Function System-wide parameters z/OS parameters Message Queue definitions Control-block buffer-pools Databases Applications/Programs (PSBs) Transactions Communications defaults Physical Terminals Logical Terminals (LTERMs)
System
Application
Terminal Network
Online Macro changes through Online Change facility

DATABASE APPLCTN TRANSACT MFS format Block
Extended Terminal Option (ETO)

Optional (additional cost) Feature of IMS/TM Terminals may optionally be defined outside of the IMSGEN Process. Fewer IMSGENs Smaller and faster IMSGENs Dynamic control block management Requires user sign on
Database Recovery Facility (DRF)

Separately priced product/tool Introduced at the time of IMS 7.1 as "Online Recovery Service"
follow-on product DRF introduced in June, 2003
Recovery is initiated via IMS Commands Executed in parallel with other online IMS activity A new function of the Control Region Timestamp recovery to allocation boundaries or any prior point in time Recover multiple DL/I database data sets and FP areas in a single pass of the IMS log
Components and Flow

IMS Control Region DBRC Database Recovery Manager
RECON
Fast Path Areas
...
Recovery Data Manager
...
DLI/SAS DL/I DBDS
...
Change Accum
...
Image Copy
...
Log Data Sets
Components
Database Recovery Manager
Driven by the IMS Command Processor to process recovery related commands Creates the Recovery Data Manager address space Establishes communication with the Recovery Data Manager Receives log data from the Recovery Data Manager Applies updates to the database data sets and areas Coordinates recovery termination and Database Recovery Facility participation in IMS shutdown processing Started when the first recovery command is entered Restores image copies, if required, with change accumulation data, if available Reads log data and processes records related to this recovery Merges log data into a recovery stream
Recovery Data Manager
DBRC
Maintains recovery related information All resources required for recovery must be registered to DBRC Validates recovery initiation and results
Recover Command
/RECOVER ADD
Identifies the database data sets and areas Builds a 'recovery list'
/RECOVER REMOVE
Eliminates database data sets and areas from the 'recovery list'
/RECOVER START
Initiates recovery
/RECOVER STOP
Aborts recovery
/RECOVER TERMINATE
Cleans up Recovery Data Manager address space
IMS Related Products

DB2 (External Subsystems DBMS) with IMS/TM CICS with IMS/DBCTL IMS Queue Control Facility (QCF)
Manage IMS Message Queues
Screen Definition Facility II (SDF II)

Help to build MFS control blocks
Automatic code generators:

CSP Cross-System Product supports:
CICS/ESA with IMS/DB IMS/TM to access DL/I DBs and/or DB2 tables
ADF Application Development Facility II
Unit Summary
IMS/TM supports the RAS (Reliability, Availability & Serviceability) characteristics for application transaction processing programs LTERMs isolate messages, message types, queues and program processes from physical terminal characteristics IMSGEN, PSB and MFS control blocks are used in different aspects of TM Master Terminal Operation capabilities and IMS terminal commands are available to control and maintain transaction systems IMS system security, integrity and maintenance functions exist ETO and DRF are additional cost options/tools that extend the capability of IMS

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IMS Transaction Manager

Copyright IBM Corporation 2008

Multiple IMS Batch Address Spaces

IMS/BATCH Address Space

IMS/BATCH Address Space

Copyright IBM Corporation 2008

Define a logical/physical terminal structure that supports

Support database management integration

Copyright IBM Corporation 2008

TELECOMMUNICATIONS MESSAGE SCHEDULING

ONLINE LOG DATA SET

IMS/TM makes data available to the end-user...

IMS/TM Dependent Regions

Batch Message Processing (BMP) regions:

Interactive Fast Path (IFP) regions:

Logical Terminal (LTERM) Concept

MPR (Msg. Processing Region)

Allows terminals to communicate with each other

Copyright IBM Corporation 2008

Message Type Examples

ACTGTERM ACCOUNTING DEPARTMENT MEETING AT 2:00PM

TO QUEUE APPL APPL

MESSAGE QUEUE DATA SET(S)

MSG3 (LTERMX) X MSG4 (LTERMQ) X MSG7 (LTERMX) X

2. OUTPUT MESSAGES are QUEUEd by:

PSBs for IMS Transaction Manager

Copyright IBM Corporation 2008

LOGICAL LOGICAL TERMINA TERMINA L L

ALTERNATE LOGICAL LOGICAL TERMINA L TERMINAL

CUSTOMER MASK DATA BASE PCB ADDRESS PAYROLL

LOGICAL DATABASE STRUCTURE

Message Format Service (MFS)

MESSAGE FORMAT SERVICES (MFS)

10 PART-NO: INVPGM A. DEVICE INPUT FORMAT (DIF)

B. MESSAGE INPUT DESCRIPTOR (MID) (EDITED MESSAGE) APPL NXT=

100 0099 200 0789 10

C. MESSAGE OUTPUT DESCRIPTOR (MOD) (EDITED MESSAGE)

D. DEVICE OUTPUT FORMAT (DOF)

MFS Formatting a Screen

Copyright IBM Corporation 2008

MFS Creating Control Blocks

Copyright IBM Corporation 2008

TYPESEG SNE DEGREE SUBJECT CDATE SKILL NAME REPLY

Master Terminal Operator (MTO)

DATABASE DUMP and RECOVERY

z/OS system console is "back-up" to MTO console...

NODE DATABASE PROGRAM TRANSACTION REGION

/OPNDST /CLSDST /MODIFY PREPARE /MODIFY COMMIT

Copyright IBM Corporation 2008

User-Written Exit Routines:

SMU Support ended with IMS V9

Copyright IBM Corporation 2008

Terminal and Password Security (1 of 2)

Terminal and Password Security (2 of 2)

Copyright IBM Corporation 2008

System Integrity Functions

Automatic system checkpoints

Database Recovery Control

Copyright IBM Corporation 2008

Common Logging Facility

WADS WRITE AHEAD DATA SETS

OLDS1 OLDS2 OLDS3 OLDS4 OLDS5

RECON 1 RECON 2 RECON 3

LOG ARCHIVE UTILITY