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Among other accomplishments, Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) invented calculus, developed the laws of motion, and developed the law of gravitational attraction.
Top view of a person standing in the aisle of a bus. (A) The bus is at rest, and then starts to move forward. Inertia causes the person to remain in the original position, appearing to fall backward.
(B) The bus turns to the right, but inertia causes the person to retain the original straight line motion until forced in a new direction by the side of the bus.
F = ma
If the force of tire friction (F1) and the force of air resistance (F2) have a vector sum that equals the applied force (Fa), the net force is zero. Therefore, the acceleration is zero (i.e., velocity is constant)
More mass results in less acceleration when the same force is applied. With the same force applied, the riders and the bike with twice as much mass will have half the acceleration (with all other factors constant). Note that the second rider is not pedaling.
More about: F = ma
the unit of force in the metric system is: Newton (N) 1N = 1 kg m/s2 the unit of force in the English system is: pound (lb) 1 lb = 1 slug x 1 ft/s2 (slug is the unit of mass in the English
system)
W = mg
weight
The force of gravity on an object a vector ( direction: vertically down) metric unit: N (English unit: lb) calculated as: W = mg (g = gravitational acceleration) changes with location (with change in g)
on the Moon: gMoon = 1.6 m/s2 weight of an object on the Moon is about six times less than on the Earth
F1
Centripetal force
the force that pulls an object into a circular path (centripetal means center-seeking) produces an acceleration: centripetal acceleration ac = v2/r m = mass v = velocity r = radius of the circle
Substitute ac into the force equation F = ma to get an equation for the centripetal force
Fc = mv2/r
A ball is swung on the end of a string in a horizontal circle. The pulling force of the string on the ball acts as centripetal force and causes the ball to change direction continuously, or accelerate into a circular path. Without the unbalanced force acting on it, the ball would continue in a straight line.
F = G(m1m2)/d2
G = 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2/kg2 (proportionality constant)
F = G (m1m2) / d2
The force of attraction (F) is proportional to the product of the masses (m1, m2) and inversely proportional to the square of the distance (d) between the centers of the two masses.
g = G mE / d2
Therefore: the gravitational acceleration (g) does not depend on the mass of the object
The force of gravitational attraction decreases inversely with the square of the distance from the center of the earth. Note the weight of a 70.0 kg person at various distances above the surface of the earth.
Gravitational attraction acts as a centripetal force that keeps the Moon from following the straight-line path shown by the dashed line to position A. It was pulled to position B by gravity and thus "fell" toward Earth the distance from the dashed line to B, resulting in a somewhat circular path.
Energy
Work
the result of the force applied to an object and the distance the object moves due to the force The work done on an object: the magnitude of the applied force multiplied by the parallel distance through which the force acts.
Work = force x distance
Work = Fd
Something must move when work is done. The movement must be in the same direction as the applied force.
Examples of work
Remember: work is done on an object by a force that moves the object
Work is done against gravity when lifting an object. Work is measured in joules or foot-pounds.
The force on the book moves it through the vertical distance from the second shelf to the fifth shelf, and the work done is Work = Fd.
Energy: the ability to do work Mechanical energy is of two types: potential energy kinetic energy Potential Energy (PE) Gravitational potential energy is the energy that an object has due to its position in the gravitational field of the earth PE = weight x height Since weight is w= mg , PE = mgh where h = height
Kinetic Energy Kinetic energy is the energy that an object has due to its motion. kinetic energy = 1/2 (mass) (velocity)2 KE = (1/2) mv2 Units of Kinetic energy In the metric system unit of KE = kg (m/s)2 = kg m2/s2 = = (kg m/s2) m =Nm = J unit of KE = J In the English system unit of KE = ft-lb
(A) Work is done on the bowling ball as a force (FB) moves it through a distance. (B) This gives the ball a kinetic energy equal to the amount of work done on it. (C) The ball does work on the pins and has enough remaining energy to crash into the wall behind the pins.
v=0
The ball (mass = 1 kg) trades potential energy for kinetic energy as it falls. Notice that the ball had 98 J of potential energy when dropped and has a kinetic energy of 98 J just as it hits the ground (in absence of air resistance)
This pendulum bob loses potential energy (PE) and gains an equal amount of kinetic energy (KE) as it falls through as distance h. The process reverses as the bob moves up the other side of its swing.