NANOTECHNOLOGY:-DR NISHI MATHUR

(Definition from the NNI) ??Research and technology development aimed to understand and control matter at dimensions of approximately 1 - 100 nanometer the nanoscale ??Ability to understand, create, and use structures, devices and systems that have fundamentally new properties and functions because of their nanoscale structure ??Ability to image, measure, model, and manipulate matter on the nanoscale to exploit those properties and functions ??Ability to integrate those properties and functions into systems spanning from nano- to macro-scopic scales

NANOTECHNOLOGY:-DR NISHI MATHUR

What is Nano? ?? A nanometre is 1/1,000,000,000 (1 billionth) of a metre, which is around 1/50,000 of the diameter of a human hair or the space occupied by 3-4 atoms placed end-to-end

NANOTECHNOLOGY:-DR NISHI MATHUR

 "Science and technology alone are not going to

magically solve all the problems of developing countries but they are critical components of development. Nanotechnology is a relatively new field that will soon be providing radical and relatively inexpensive solutions to critical development problems." Thus, scientists are harnessing nanotechnology to create new, inexpensive materials, devices, and systems with unique properties. Most of current applications of nanotechnology are in electronics, automation, supermaterials, agriculture, food security systems or life sciences such as pharmaceuticals and medicine.

NANOTECHNOLOGY:-DR NISHI MATHUR

Nanotechnology is the study, design, creation, synthesis, manipulation, and application of functional materials, devices, and systems through control of matter at the nanometer scale (one nanometer being equal to 1 x 10-9 of a meter), and the exploitation of novel phenomena and properties of matter at that scale.
Nanotechnology is more properly labeled as "molecular nanotechnology (MNT), or "nanoscale engineering Recently, the Foresight Institute has suggested an alternate term to represent the original meaning of nanotechnology: zettatechnology..

NANOTECHNOLOGY:-DR NISHI MATHUR

NANOTECHNOLOGY SEGMENTS
One way of characterizing nanotechnology is by "tools", "materials", "devices" and "intelligent materials and machines".

NANOTECHNOLOGY:-DR NISHI MATHUR

Tools
Nanotechnology tools include microscopy techniques and equipment that permit visualization and manipulation of items at the nanoscale such as cells, bacteria, and viruses, and to detect single molecules to better understand the nature of science. The range of tools includes the atomic force microscope (AFM), scanning tunneling microscope (STM), molecular modeling software and various production technologies.

NANOTECHNOLOGY:-DR NISHI MATHUR

Materials
Nanomaterials can be grouped into three main areas:

1. Raw nanomaterials 2. Nanostructured materials 3. Nanotubes

NANOTECHNOLOGY:-DR NISHI MATHUR

Devices
two classes of miniature devices are commonly associated with nanotechnology:-

1.Nano devices 2.Mirodevices

NANOTECHNOLOGY:-DR NISHI MATHUR

CONSTRUCTION
Two approaches can be taken when making something at the nanoscale: these are known as the 'top-down' approach and the 'bottom-up' approach.

NANOTECHNOLOGY:-DR NISHI MATHUR

The Difference Top-down semiconductor nanoscale technology From big (bulk wafer material) to small (nano-chip) Pattern and Etch Expensive Less scalable Less flexible in material selection, design, etc. Hit the limit ?? Bottom-up molecular nanotechnology From small (self-assembled nanostructure) to big (nano-chip) Synthesis Cheap More scalable More flexible in material selection, design, etc. Open doors to molecular level engineering

NANOTECHNOLOGY:-DR NISHI MATHUR

Top-down approach
1. The top-down approach is analogous to making a stone statue. You take a bulk piece of material and modify it, by carving or cutting in the case of stone, until you have made the shape you want. The process involves material wastage and is limited by the resolution of the tools you can use, restricting the smallest sizes of the structures made by these techniques. Examples of this kind of approach include the various types of lithographic techniques (such as photo-, ion beam-, electron- or X-raylithography) cutting, etching and grinding.

NANOTECHNOLOGY:-DR NISHI MATHUR

Top-Down

NANOTECHNOLOGY:-DR NISHI MATHUR

Bottom-up
1. The second approach is known as the bottom-up approach. This can be thought of as the same approach one would take to build a house: one takes lots of building blocks and puts them together to produce the final bigger structure. There is less wastage with this technique, and strong covalent bonds will hold the constituent parts together. 2. A good example of this kind of approach is found in nature; all cells use enzymes to produce DNA by taking the component molecules and binding them together to make the final structure. Chemical synthesis, self-assembly, and molecular NANOTECHNOLOGY:-DR NISHI fabrication are all examples of bottom-up MATHUR

APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY

NANOTECHNOLOGY:-DR NISHI MATHUR

NANOTECHNOLOGY:-DR NISHI MATHUR

Nanofilms
Different nanoscale materials can be used in thin films to make them waterrepellent, anti-reflective, self-cleaning, ultraviolet or infrared-resistant, antifog, anti-microbial, scratch-resistant, or electrically -conductive. Nanofilms are used now on eyeglasses, computer displays, and cameras to protect or treat the surfaces.
NANOTECHNOLOGY:-DR NISHI MATHUR

Nanotubes
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are used in baseball bats, tennis racquets, and some car parts because of their greater mechanical strength at less weight per unit volume than that of conventional materials. Electronic properties of CNTs have made them a candidate for flat panel displays in TVs, batteries, and other electronics. Nanotubes for various uses can be made of materials other than carbon. NANOTECHNOLOGY:-DR NISHI
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Drug-Delivery Techniques
Dendrimers are a type of nanostructure that can be precisely designed and manufactured for a wide variety of applications, including treatment of cancer and other diseases. Dendrimers carrying different materials on their branches can do several things at one time, such as recognizing diseased cells, diagnosing disease states (including cell death), drug delivery, reporting location, and reporting outcomes of therapy. NANOTECHNOLOGY:-DR NISHI
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Nanoscale transistors
Transistors are electronic switching devices where a small amount of electricity is used like a gate to control the flow of larger amounts of electricity. In computers, the more transistors, the greater the power. Transistor sizes have been decreasing, so computers have become more powerful. Until recently, the industry's best commercial technology produced computer chips with transistors having 65-nanometer features. Recent NANOTECHNOLOGY:-DR NISHI
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Nano-Biotechnology Carbon nanotubes Nanomaterials Fullerene Nanoparticles Dendrimers Biomaterials Protein/ enzymes Peptides Antigens/ antibodies Neurons DNA/RNA Cells

NANOTECHNOLOGY:-DR NISHI MATHUR

The top 10 nanotechnology applications are:

1. Energy storage, production and conversion; 2. Agricultural productivity enhancement; 3. Water treatment and remediation; 4. Disease diagnosis and screening; 5. Drug delivery systems; 6. Food processing and storage; 7. Air pollution and remediation; 8. Construction; 9. Health 10 Monitoring; 11. Vector and pest detection and control.
NANOTECHNOLOGY:-DR NISHI MATHUR

NANOMEDICINE: THE MEDICAL REVOLUTION

Technically nanomedicine is the application of nanotechnology for engineering of tiny machines for the prevention and treatment of disease in human body. Nanomedicine devices will be used in -diagnosis of illness, -implanted devices to deliver drugs or hormones -use miniature surgeons -tissue repair and replacement

NANOTECHNOLOGY:-DR NISHI MATHUR

Nanotechnology offers new drug delivery solutions in the following areas

Drug encapsulation Functional Drug carriers Drug Discovery Tissue Regeneration Scaffolds Bone Repair Smart Materials Implantable Sensors Smart Instruments Surgical Robotics Nanoparticle Probes Nanorobots

NANOTECHNOLOGY:-DR NISHI MATHUR

NANOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS IMPACT

Today we have a much greater understanding than ever before of how and where new technologies may have an effect during a product's life cycle. Increasingly society is carefully considering the impacts a new technology may have, and endeavouring to ensure that any risk can be minimized and managed, while maximising any benefits. The benefits that nanotechnology promises include: less material consumption; more efficient energy generation methods; greater computing power; new health treatments. There is already some research into the potential risks, and the impact of various particles on organismS and the environment NANOTECHNOLOGY:-DR NISHI is being examined. Networks MATHUR of scientists have also

NANOTECHNOLOGY:-DR NISHI MATHUR