Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
and
Bio-pesticide BT
(Bacillus Thuringiensis)
Autism Hypothesis,
Presented by
Dr. Anju Usman, MD. and Andrea
Lalama,
First part of the Presentation
• What is Biofilm?
• What is the
implication of biofilm
production in ASD?
• How are they
formed?
• Where do they grow?
• Possible Treatments.
Many patients with autistic symptoms have
persistent dysbiosis. Treatment of GI issues often
alleviates symptoms we call autism.
Hypothesis:
Patients with autism, who have toxic metal burdens and toxic
chemical burdens (Bt toxin), are likely to grow resistant
organisms in their GI tract. This resistance to treatment is
perpetuated by the production of biofilms. Treatment of
biofilm will help to eradicate dysbiotic flora and improve
symptoms we call autism.
What is Biofilm?
• A biofilm is a collection of microbial
communities enclosed by a matrix of
extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) and
separated by a network of open water
channels.
•Human body –
pancreatic/biliary tracts, lungs,
sinuses, adenoids, tonsils and
the intestinal tract….
Non animated picture of
Biofilm/Slime, YUK!
Why are they so difficult to
treat? difficult to treat with antimicrobials,
Remarkably
resistant to doses of antimicrobials 100- to 1000-fold
over the minimum lethal dose for microbes outside of
biofilms.
Antimicrobial factors form one arm of the innate immune system, which protects mucosal surfaces from
bacterial infection. These factors can rapidly kill bacteria deposited on mucosal surfaces and
prevent acute invasive infections. In many chronic infections, however, bacteria live in biofilms,
which are distinct, matrix-encased communities specialized for surface persistence. The transition
because
from a free-living, independent existence to a biofilm lifestyle can be devastating,
biofilms notoriously resist killing by host defence
mechanisms and antibiotics. We hypothesized that the
innate immune system possesses specific activity to
protect against biofilm infections. Here we show that
lactoferrin, a ubiquitous and abundant constituent of human
external secretions, blocks biofilm development by the
opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This occurs at lactoferrin concentrations below
those that kill or prevent growth. By chelating iron, lactoferrin stimulates twitching, a specialized
form of surface motility, causing the bacteria to wander across the surface instead of forming cell
clusters and biofilms. These findings reveal a specific anti-biofilm defence mechanism acting at a
critical juncture in biofilm development, the time bacteria stop roaming as individuals and aggregate
into durable communities.
PMID: 12037568 [PubMed - indexed
Enzymatic Degradation
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Jul 3;104(27):11197-202. Epub 2007 Jun
25.
Synthetic biology involves the engineering of biological organisms by using modular and generalizable
designs with the ultimate goal of developing useful solutions to real-world problems. One such
problem involves bacterial biofilms, which are crucial in the pathogenesis of many clinically important
infections and are difficult to eradicate because they exhibit resistance to antimicrobial treatments and
removal by host immune systems. To address this issue, we engineered bacteriophage
to express a biofilm-degrading enzyme during infection to
simultaneously attack the bacterial cells in the biofilm and the
biofilm matrix, which is composed of extracellular polymeric
substances. We show that the efficacy of biofilm removal by this
two-pronged enzymatic bacteriophage strategy is significantly
greater than that of nonenzymatic bacteriophage treatment. Our
engineered enzymatic phage substantially reduced bacterial biofilm cell counts by approximately 4.5
orders of magnitude ( approximately 99.997% removal), which was about two orders of magnitude
better than that of nonenzymatic phage. This work demonstrates the feasibility and benefits of using
engineered enzymatic bacteriophage to reduce bacterial biofilms and the applicability of synthetic
biology to an important medical and industrial problem.
“Normal mouthwashes can only
clean the surface, which is why
bad breath returns quickly and
gum disease is a constant
problem. With the new patented
technology in Biotene PBF
mouthwash, you can dissolve the
biofilm, expose hidden bacteria
colonies and kill germs.
The human gastrointestinal tract contains rich and diverse microbiotas along its length. However, while extensive
studies have been made on lumenal bacterial communities in the gut, less work has been carried out on
organisms growing in biofilms, where individual groups of bacteria exist in a multiplicity of different microhabitats
and metabolic niches associated with the mucosa, the mucus layer and particulate surfaces in the gut lumen.
Bacteria and yeasts also occur in biofilms attached to artificial surfaces and devices implanted in the host, such
as in patients being fed via enteral tubes. Although we are just beginning to investigate the composition and
metabolic activities of these structures, increasing evidence suggests that they are important to the host in both
health and disease. There is mounting interest in mucosal biofilms in the colon, especially with respect to their
bacteria growing in biofilms are more
role in inflammatory bowel disease. Because
resistant to antibiotics than unattached organisms, it is often
difficult to modify the structure and composition of these
communities, or to eradicate them from the body. However,
recent work has shown that there is considerable potential to
alter the species composition of mucosal biofilms in a
beneficial way using synbiotics.
Natural Antimicrobials
Scientists Develop 'Natural' Protection for Stored Foods
• Negatives
BT SPORES
Normal gut
bacteria
• Once consumed, Bt
products are
activated in the
alkaline gut of
insects, thus
making them very
safe to mammals.
Food Drug and Cosmetic Act
FDA 402(a)(1) - a food is adulterated
if it contains any poisonous or
deleterious substance which may
render the food injurious to health.
What is Bio-Pesticide BT ?
An update on the situation and some validation for our position that GENETICALLY
MODIFIED crops are at the root of the cause.
GMOs, chemicals and pesticides are also cited as possible causes in the CCD…a
University of Florida study.
One of the researchers, Jamie Ellis, points out that chemical use in bee hives, chemical
toxins present in the environment and GMOs, that can actually pass in their pollen and
nectar the chemicals from the insecticide bath given to seeds prior to planting, could
produce a combined effect that stresses the immune systems of the bees making them
more susceptible to parasitic infections.
And according to an insider, the PSU report states...that they found pesticides, herbicides and
fungicides in the pollen in high enough amounts to cause alarm. This may indicate that the
food crop itself may be toxic.
Compiled evidence on BT
“To our knowledge, this is the first report of immune responses occurring in farm
workers exposed to Bt-containing pesticides. Molecular genetic probes to identify
Bt organisms isolated from these workers confirmed that both skin and antibody
reactions were directed against the same Btk strain that was present in the
commercial product used during current spray operations.
Exposure to Bt sprays may lead to allergic skin sensitization and induction of IgE
and IgG antibodies, or both”.10
“Our concern over the virulence potential of these organisms focuses on evidence that
demonstrates the close genetic similarities between B. thuringiensis organisms and
B.cereus and B.anthracis pathogens reports on putative infections arising from
various B. thuringiensis subspecies and recent epidemiologic evidence of Bernstein et
al.”
Compiled evidence on BT
Compiled evidence on BT
Cases of occupational allergies to Bt products have been reported and
confirmed in a recent study of farm workers, but only a small fraction
might be attributable to Cry proteins.
Also, bacterial enzymes used in detergents reportedly caused adverse
reactions in occupational settings and among consumers before
preventive measures were introduced.
Soy proteins released to the air at grain-loading docks caused
community outbreaks of asthma in Spain in 1985–1986 and in New
Orleans.
Stability with processing and digestion would not be relevant to
assessment of the potential for inhalation allergenicity.
Proteins may also have antinutritional properties; they may
decrease absorption of nutrients. An example of this is lectins
that are present in many plants and are harmful unless cooked.
The U.S. EPA and the FDA are aware of the existence of such
proteins in GMOs.
Compiled evidence on BT
• The StarLink corn controversy
StarLink was a variety of Bt corn patented
by (a subdivision of Aventis, acquired by
Bayer AG in 2002), intended for use in
animal feed.
U.S. regulatory authorities permitted the commercial sale of
StarLink seed, with the stipulation that crops produced must not
be used for human consumption. This restriction was based on the
possibility that a small number of people might develop an allergic
reaction because the version of the Bt protein used in StarLink is
less rapidly digested than other Bt varieties.
StarLink corn was subsequently found
in food destined for consumption by
humans, with an episode involving
Taco Bell taco shells being
particularly well publicized.
Compiled evidence on BT
Prohibited Gene-Altered Corn Found in Latin American & Caribbean Food
Aid Shipments
From: Environmental News, Service 2/16/05
Banned as Human Food, StarLink Corn Found in Food Aid
WASHINGTON, DC, February 16, 2005 (ENS) - More than 70 environmental,
consumer, farmer, human rights groups and unions from six Central American
and Caribbean countries held simultaneous press conferences today to
denounce the presence of unauthorized genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
in food aid distributed by the UN World Food Program (WFP), and in
commercial imports of food originating mostly from the United States.
... StarLink is banned for human consumption due to
possible allergic reactions to the genetically altered protein it contains...
In total over 50 samples of maize and soy from food aid in Nicaragua,
Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala, and from commercial imports
in Costa Rica
and Dominican Republic were sent to Genetic ID, an
independent U.S.
laboratory, to verify whether GMOs were present.
GMOs were found in more than 80 percent of all
samples sent to the Laboratory.
renewed for domestic animal feed and non-food,
industrial use in the USA in 1998, 1999 and 2000.
But the groups in Central America and
Caribbean are concerned that food
with the Cry9C protein was distributed in
their countries. The organizations
requested the WFP to immediately recall all food aid containing
GMOs.
"It is not acceptable that a maize which is illegal for
human consumption
worldwide is contained in food aid distributed in our
country. Finding
StarLink four years after it was banned clearly shows
that genetically
modified foods are not under control," said Mario Godinez
of CEIBA in
Guatemala.
"The unwanted presence of unlabeled GMOs shows that Costa Rica
urgently
needs a ban on GMOs," said Fabián Pacheco of the Social Ecology
Association
in Costa Rica. "In order to protect our population it is of utmost
Compiled evidence on BT
Corn sent by the UN and the US as help to
Central African nations was also found to
contain some StarLink corn. The nations
involved refused to accept the aid.
The southern portion of the U.S. corn belt
planted the greatest amount of StarLink
corn. It is this portion of the U.S. where
corn borer damage creates the greatest
economic loss to farmers.
Greenpeace, which opposes genetic
engineering in general, responded with a
movement to ban the production and
distribution of StarLink corn.
Compiled evidence on BT
Mortality in Sheep Flocks after grazing on Bt Cotton fields
Warangal District, Andhra Pradesh
Report of the Preliminary Assessment, April, 2006
The preliminary information gathered from meeting shepherds
across 3 mandals, strongly suggests that the sheep mortality was
due to a toxin, and most likely Bt toxin from the foliage...The post-
mortem symptoms as observed by the shepherds, suggest severe
irritation of the intestines and associated organs (bile duct,
liver) connected to the absorption and assimilation of food and
processing of toxins.... The symptoms appear to be a
generalized immune response to toxins or organisms
producing toxins in the gut of the animal and thus suggest
death due to a phyto-toxin, most probably Bt toxin.... Since the
toxin may bind to intestinal proteins, there is a chance that if
the sheep were exclusively eating the Bt crop matter, they
would have in effect concentrated the toxin in their intestines
due to the binding properties.
Compiled evidence on BT
In an article in Nature Biotechnology in February 2004 (Vol 22, no. 2, pp 170-172), John Heritage of
the University of Leeds and one of the researchers in the Duggan et al study said “on
balance, the data presented in the paper support the conclusion that gene flow
from transgenic plants to the gut microflora does occur. Furthermore, because transfer
events seem to have occurred in three of the seven subjects examined, it may be that transgenic
gene transfers are not as rare as suggested by the UK GM Science Review Panel”. He said that the
risks of horizontal gene transfer should be assessed in the approval process for GMOs.
Compiled evidence on BT
History of Plant-Pesticides Evaluated for Use in Human Food and/or Animal Feed
All plant-pesticides that have been approved for use in food and feed to date have
originated from sources not known to be food allergens and thus were not expected to
be food allergens. The following chart presents a list of the proteins in plant-pesticides
that have been approved for direct human consumption in food as of
September 1999.
Plant-Pesticide Protein Approved Dietary Use
THERE WERE MORE CASES OF LEVEL ONE AUTISM ADDED IN 2001 THEN IN ALL OF
1994, 1995, AND 1996 COMBINED
1st - it is ridiculed
2nd - it is violently opposed
3rd - it is accepted as SELF EVIDENT.
by Arthur Schopenhauer
http://www.news.wisc.edu/12934