Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Cysts: hydatid cysts- due to the dog tape worm (parasite) infestation.
ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE
It is due to chronic alcohol consumption.
The first changes noted are the fatty liver (accumulation of fat
conditions),
Some follow an acute liver injury or may remain silent for a long
time.
Seen in
Chronic alcoholism
Lab investigations:
The liver function tests reveal the type of liver disease. The ALT &
AST are increased in necrosis of the liver cells,
Alkaline phosphatase- increased in biliary obstruction
Bilirubin- levels are raised
Albumen- synthesis is decreased resulting in edema (decreased
oncotic pressure)
Hematological disorders: coagulation factors are deficient resulting
in an abnormal prothrombin time (seen in chronic liver disease and
failure.
CIRRHOSIS
It is the replacement of normal liver tissue by nodules of regenerating
hepatocytes separated by fibrosis.
It is the end stage of many liver diseases like:
1. Alcoholic liver disease
2. Hepatitis B, C infections
3. Idiopathic
4. Biliary obstruction
5. Hemochromatosis
Classified as
1. Morphologically as micronodular (upto 3mm diameter-alcoholic
cirrhosis) or macronodular (>3mm diameter- greater risk of cancer
development)
2. Etiologically as viral, alcoholic, hemochromatosis, autoimmune, biliary
obstruction, Wilson’s diseqse
Clinically the patient presents with
longstanding cirrhosis resulting in liver failure and portal hypertension and
predisposes to hepatocellular carcinoma
gallstones.
Obstructive jaundice
Bile duct obstruction may be due to :
a. gallstones
b. carcinoma of the common bile duct
c. carcinoma of the head of the pancreas
d. inflammatory stricture of the common bile duct
e. accidental surgical ligation of the common bile duct