5 Liberalisation

LIBERALISATION
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Liberalization (or liberalisation) refers to a relaxation of previous government restrictions, usually in areas of social or economic policy. In some contexts this process or concept is often, but not always, referred to as deregulation
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Liberalisation is freeing economy from government control. It was started, when dr. Manmohan Singh (the present P.M), was finance minister and present F.M Mr. Chidambaram, was commerce minister, in Mr. P.V. Narasimha Rao's government.
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In short economics liberalization means Open competition Free trade Privatisation End of licensing End of registration Freedom of import-export Freedom of capital investment Freedom from bureaucratic control Templates To narrow downFree thePowerpoint public sector
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There is a distinct difference between liberalization and democratization, which are often thought to be the same concept. Liberalization can take place without democratization, and deals with a combination of policy and social change specialized to a certain issue such as the liberalization of government-held property for private purchase, whereas democratization is more politically specialized that can arise from a liberalization, but works in a broader level of government.liberalization.
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Liberalization vs Democratization
The main aim of liberalisation was to dismantle the excessive regulatory framework which acted as a shackle on freedom of enterprise. Over the years, the country had developed a system of licensepermit raj. The aim of the new economic policy was to save the entrepreneurs from unnecessary Harassment of seeking permission from the Babudom (the bureaucracy of the country) to start an undertaking.
The major purpose of liberalisation was to free the large private corporate sector form bureaucratic controls. It, therefore, started dismantling the regime of industrial licensing and controls.
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Liberalisation is a process by which the economy is opened up and stringent regulatory measures are relaxed to a large extent.
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The list of industries in which industrial Licensing is compulsory:
1. Distillation and brewing of alcoholic drinks 2. Hazardous chemicals 3. Sugar 4. Animal fats and oils 5. Cigars and Cigarettes of tobacco and manufactured tobacco substitutes 6. Petroleum (other than crude) and its distillation products 7. Coal and Lignite 8. Paper and newsprint except bagasse-based units 9. Tanned or dressed fur skins 10. Raw hides and skins, leather, chamois leather and patent leather 11. Plywood, decorative veneers, and other wood based products 12. Asbestos and asbestos-based products 13. Industrial explosives 14. Drugs and Pharmaceuticals 15 . Electronics, aerospace and defense equipment: all types
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The various dimensions of financial liberalization are:

Abolishing credit controls. Deregulating interest rates. Allowing free entry into the banking industry or more generally into financial services industry. Making banks autonomous. Putting banks in private ownership. Freeing international capital flows.
Disadvantages
The major problems concerned with liberalization can be summarized as under: (1) In so far as fiscal deficits are financed by money creation and growing, financial liberalization serves to accelerate inflation which coupled with an over- valued exchange rate, promotes capital flight. (2) Liberalisation does raise real interests and results in an increased diversity of financial instruments. Innocent investors may be taken in by the rather fanciful terms offered. (3) Competition is not automatically enhanced. It can lead to domination by big institution that has market Page 11 controlling powers.Free Powerpoint Templates
(4) Distortions in credit allocation or self dealing by banks can produce efficiency gains. (5) Deregulation can shorten the horizons of savers and investors, leading to a drawing up of long-term finance. (6) Sometimes there can be problems of moral hazard. (7) Pressure on profits and profitability can lead to speculation and create problems of systemic failures. (8) With fewer entry restrictions, it has been possible for many entrants to make inroads into this lucrative sector, some antisocial elements can enter the field directly or indirectly.
(9) A number of companies can incorporate their own finance companies to make finance available on easy terms for purchase of their products, this phenomenon can also be used against the interest of the society. (10) It should also be noticed that liberalization can also result in the increase in instability. In general, financial liberalization represents a profound change in the economic rules. It can increase the riskiness of traditional behaviour or introduce new inexperienced players. In these circumstances, disasters can also take place.
Advantages
Full use of resources Production will increase Export will increase Improve in mass media Improve information technology Development of science and technology Indian economy will become competitive Good will and understanding Improvement in the efficiency of public sector Expansion of industrialization Consumer will be benefitted More equal development of society Indian economy will get linked with world economy Security of country Develop small and cottage industries Free Powerpoint Templates
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Advantages
Liberalisation can well be considered an investment in the future financial well being of a nation. It helps the banking industry as a whole by providing: 1. Increased financial flexibilities of firms. 2. Reduced transaction costs. 3. Improved allocation efficiency. 4. Attraction of new capital to financial intermediaries. 5. Stronger and more competitive banking institutions. 6. Better and diversified portfolios. 7. More effective conduct of monetary policy.
8. Meaningful competition in banking services by allowing greater role to private sector and foreign banks. 9. Technological up-gradation of banks through wide use of computers and modern communication systems. 10. Removing major regulatory impediments to profitable working of banks. 11. Relaxation in the regulations covering foreign investment and foreign exchange. 12. Easy access to foreign capital.
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Industrial Policy 1991

Meaning: -The Government of India announced the new industrial policy (NIP) on 24th July, 1991. The NIP aims at liberalisation of Indian industry. The main objectives of the NIP are: 1. Attainment of international competitiveness. 2. Development of backward areas. 3. Encouraging competition within Indian industry. 4. Efficient use of productive resources. 5. Full utilisation of plant capacities to generate employment. 6. Revival of weak units, etc.
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Main features of industrial policy of 1991 and liberalisation

Abolition of licensing system Amendment in monopolies and restrictive trade practice act METP act Restricted the role of public sector Investment of foreign capital Import of foreign technology Collaboration with foreign trading companies Policy related to small scale industries Establishment of new industries Facilities of retrenched workers
Objectives of the Industrial Policy of the Government are to maintain a sustained growth in productivity; to enhance employment; to achieve optimal utilization of human resources; to attain international competitiveness Development of indigenous technology through greater investment in R&D and bring in new technology to help Indian manufacturing units Incentive for industrialization of backward areas Ensure running of PSUs on business lines and cut their losses Protect the interests of workers Abolish the monopoly of any sector in any field of manufacture except on strategic or security grounds. to transform India into a major partner and player in the global arena. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 19
Economic Liberalization in India

Past Achievements and Future Challenges
6 August 2011

Confederation of Indian Industry
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Economic Reforms
The early burst of reforms in the early to mid nineties made sweeping changes such as
Reduction in tariff barriers Removal of barriers to entry in industry Removal of controls in the financial sector Encouragement to foreign investment and technology Rationalization of tax structure
These have ensured macroeconomic stability and driven the economy towards greater competitiveness These measures have also helped India in emerging as a resurgent, vibrant and dynamic nation, leading global growth India is the second fastest growing economy in the world after China India was able to withstand the repercussion of the global economic crisis Indias participation is required in all global negotiations ranging from global trade to climate related deals
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CIIs Role
Post-1991, CII worked on multiple fronts to facilitate liberalization: Engaged with administration to calibrate policies to sequence reforms and minimize industry adjustment pains Sensitized officials and Members of Parliament for reforms through sustained interaction Worked with industry to build consensus recommendations Organized seminars to disseminate awareness among industry Interacted persuasively with different stakeholders across society to create buy-in Globalisation was a key plank of CIIs endeavours since 1991. Some of CIIs pioneering initiatives that helped industry to align with global imperatives include: Arranging outward missions through networking with international governments, industry associations, institutes and academia for opening new avenues for Indian industry Initiating Quality Movement in India; Sundaram Fasteners first company to get ISO9000 certification (1991) Organising exhibitions/shows to showcase Indian products Initiating debate on key economy/ industry issues Laying thrust on Corporate Governance: Developing Code of Corporate Governance
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Robust GDP Growth

GDP
6000.0 12.0%
9.5% 9.6%
9.3% 6.8% 8.0%
Y-O-Y Growth (%)
8.5% 7.5%
5.7% 6.4% 7.3%
8.0%
5000.0
8.5%
10.0% 8.0% 6.0% 4.0%
GDP has surged from 5.7% during 1991-00 to 7.7% during 2001-11
(Rs. 000' Crore)
3000.0 2000.0 1000.0 0.0
1.4%
4.4% 5.8% 3.8%
4000.0
5.3%
5.4%
4.3%
6.7% 6.4%
2.0% 0.0%
1991
1992 1993
1994 1995 1996
1997 1998
1999 2000
2001 2002 2003
2004 2005
2006 2007
2008 2009 2010
GDP
GDP Growth Rate
2011
Per Capita Income

Per Capita Income has more than doubled from Rs. 15,826 in 1991 to Rs. 41,129 in 2011; has been increasing at an average annual rate of about 7% since 2004
45,000 40,000 35,000 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 -
3.4% 3.8% 3.8% 5.1% 5.9% 2.4% 4.7% 4.5% 2.5% 4.1% 2.1% 6.8% 7.1% 7.8% 8.0% 7.8% 5.3% 6.5% 7.1%
9.0% 8.0% 7.0% 6.0% 5.0% 4.0% 3.0% 2.0% 1.0% 0.0% -1.0%
Per Capita Income Free Powerpoint TemplatesGrowth in Per Capita Income Page 23
Source: Economic survey 2010-11 and CSO
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
-0.5%
Y-O-Y Growth (%)
(Rs.)
Structural Change in GDP Composition

Com position of GDP (1991 v/s 2011)
Agriculture, 16.6%
2011 42.7% Services, 57.7% 1991
34.0%
Industry, 25.7% 23.2%
GDP has undergone a marked structural change over a span of two decades Agriculture contribution has shrunk to 16.6% in 2011 from 34.0% in 1991 Share of tertiary sector has increased commendably, in fact is becoming engine of growth Flat growth in Secondary sector is however, a cause of worry given the reducing employment elasticity of agricultural sector

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Savings and Investment (as % of GDP)

35.7%
3,000
34.7% 32.8%
38.1%
45.0%
34.5% 30.8% 33.7%
40.0% 35.0% 30.0% 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0%

Y-O-Y Growth (%)
29.8% 27.6%
2,500
26.0% 26.2% 25.5% 25.3% 25.9% 24.0% 24.3% 25.2% 23.1% 23.3% 22.8% (Rs. 000' Crore)
32.4%
24.4%
24.4%
23.8%
24.8%
23.7%
22.8%
22.7%
21.5%
1,000 500
21.2%
21.9%
22.3%
23.5%
1,500
26.3%
32.2%
2,000
22.1%
22.5%
33.5%
34.6%
36.9%
5.0% 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
0.0%
Savings
Investment
Savings as % of GDP
Investment as % of GDP
Savings as a proportion of GDP moved up by more than ten percentage points from 22.8% in 1991 to 33.7% in 2010 Investment to GDP ratio also jumped from 26.0% to 30.8%, however expected to declined to 29.5% in 2011 due to rising interest rate

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Merchandise and Service Trade

400.0 350.0 300.0
(US$ Billion) 27.9 18.5 21.1 18.3 24.3 18.9 26.7 22.7 35.9 26.9 43.7 32.3 48.9 34.1 51.2 35.7 47.5 34.3 55.4 37.5 57.9 45.5 56.3 44.7 64.5 53.8 80.0 66.3 118.9 85.2 157.1 105.2 190.7 128.9 257.6 308.5 380.9 300.6
Merchandise Trade
250.5
250.0 200.0 150.0 100.0 50.0 0.0
Merchandise exports soared to cross US$250 bn in 2011 from US$ 18.5 bn in 1991, about 14 fold increase Service exports went up to US$132 bn in 2011 from mere US$ 4.6 bn in 1991, registering a CAGR of 18.3%
Backed by robust exports of IT and ITes services; close to $60 billion in 2010-11
189.0
166.2
182.2
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Merchandise Exports
Merchandise Imports
2011
150.0
132.0
Service Trade
106.0
130.0
Merchandise and Service imports grown at a CAGR of about 14.0% and 17.1% respectively
Faster rise in imports over exports have undoubtly widened trade deficit yet it has helped in keeping global demand alive in the wake of the global economic crisis Trade as a proportion of GDP has increased magnificently from 9.0% in 1991 to 87.9% in 2011
(US$ Billion)
43.2
60.0
70.0
57.7
84.3
90.0
73.8
90.3
110.0
95.8
7.3 7.5 7.5 6.7 9.4 8.1 13.2 11.0 15.7 11.6 16.3 14.6 17.1 13.8 20.8 17.1 26.9 16.7
30.0
5.0
3.6
3.8
1991
1992
1993
1994
3.6
1995
4.7
1996
5.5
10.0 -10.0
4.6
4.7
5.3
6.1
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
27.8
2007
34.5
2008
44.3
50.0
2009
51.5
2010
52.0
Service Exports
Source: RBI
Service Imports
2011
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FDI Inflows
40000 35000
102.5% 94.2% 97.0% 157.8%
180.0% 160.0% 140.0%

FDI as % of Total Foreign Inflows
30000
US$ Million
75.2%
76.5%
25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0
83.7%
120.0% 100.0%
56.1% 53.8% 49.1% 2011
66.1%
56.4%
59.3%
43.8%
46.0%
41.6%
39.4%
41.8%
80.0% 60.0% 40.0% 20.0% 0.0%
1991
1992
1993
1994
14.1%
1995
25.6%
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
27.5%
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
FDI Inflow s
As % of Total foreign Investment Inflow s
FDI inflows have grown multiple fold from just US$ 97 mn in 1991 to US$ 30.4 bn with an average annual compound growth rate of 33.3% FDI inflows as a proportion of total foreign investment inflows has fallen from 157.8% in 2008-09 to 49.1% in 2011 due to faster rise in portfolio investment Indian companies have made an outward investment totaling US$80 billion in the first decade of the century mostly in developed economies

Source: RBI
2010
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SENSEX
Trends in Capital Market - SENSEX ans BSE 100 21,000.0 18,000.0 15,000.0 12,000.0 9,000.0 6,000.0 3,000.0 0.0
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
SENSEX
BSE 1 00
Steps taken over the last two decades have resulted into maturing of nascent financial market. Further, robust economic growth and fast pace of globalization has led to buoyant investors sentiment SENSEX has increased from a level of 1908.9 in 1991 to 18518.2 in 2011 at a CAGR of 12.0%

Source: BSE, bseindia.com
2011
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Move Towards Inclusive Growth

While the first phase of reforms had unleashed economic growth, it was felt that the benefits of growth must be more equitably distributed Starting 2005, the UPA government has shifted the focus to inclusive growth through greater allocation to socially beneficial schemes and programmes Total Plan Allocation increased markedly from Rs. 9.6 thousand crore in 1991 to Rs. 335.5 thousand crore in 2011-12, nearly 35 fold increase
Some flagship schemes
Bharat Nirman - Total Budget allocation for 2011-12: Rs. 58,000 crore NREGA - Total Budget allocation for 2011-12: Rs. 40,000 crore JNNURM - Total Budget allocation for 2011-12: Rs. 49 crore

Source: Budget and Government Sources
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CIIs Initiative on Socio Responsibilities

Corporate Social Responsibility Set up Social Development and Community Affairs Council in 1995 Developed Action Agenda for Affirmative Action and worked to generate awareness and intensify industry efforts Facilitates industry interventions in society through NGO partnerships Undertakes public health and community welfare activities in factories Spearheaded the India Business Trust for HIV/AIDS Environment Management Set up Environment Management Division after Rio Summit in 1992 Initiated Green Building movement in India through its Centre of Excellence Green Business Center Engages in climate change mitigation efforts
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Social indicators
Literacy Rates
100.0% 80.0% 60.0% 40.0% 20.0% 0.0% Overall Males 1991
Source: Economic Survey
Overall literacy rate has gone up from just over half to almost three-quarters during 1991 and 2011
Literacy level among female folk which constitutes about half of the population has nearly doubled
74.0% 52.2%
82.1% 64.1% 39.3% 65.5%
Females 2011
Among young people, the rates are higher as the Right to Education law kicks in
Poverty Estimates
40.0% 35.6% 27.5% 35.0% 28.3% 37.0%
35.0%
Overall, poverty has declined by eight percentage points from as high as 35.6% in 1991 to 27.5% in 2005
Decline was more pronounced in urban areas as compared to rural areas Urban poverty fell by double digits. Rural poverty came down by seven percentage points
30.0% 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% Total
25.7%
Rural 1991 2005
Urban
Source: Planning Commission Free Powerpoint Templates
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Major Plans for Infrastructure Development

Sector Deficit 65,590 km of NH comprise only 2% of network; carry 40% of traffic; 12% 4laned; 50% 2-laned; and 38% singlelaned Inadequate berths and rail/road connectivity Inadequate runways, aircraft handling capacity, parking space and terminal buildings Eleventh Plan (2007-12) Targets
Roads/ Highways Ports
6-lane 6,500 km in GQ; 4-lane 6,736 km NSEW; 4-lane 20,000 km; 2-lane 20,000 km; 1,000 km Expressway New capacity: 485 m MT in major ports; 345 m MT in minor ports
Airports
Modernize 4 metro and 35 non-metro airports; 10 greenfield airports
Railways
Old technology; saturated routes; slow speeds (freight: 22 kmph; passenger: 50 kmph) 13.8% peaking deficit; 9.6% energy shortage; 40% transmission and distribution losses; absence of competition
8,132 km new rail; 7,148 km gauge conversion; modernize 22 stations; dedicated freight corridors
Power
Add 78,577 MW; access to all rural households

Source: Planning Commission
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Power and Road

Installed Capacity: Power
180,000.0 160,000.0 140,000.0 120,000.0
MW
Installed Capacity in Power Sector: All India
153,774.8
Total installed capacity has more than doubled during 1991 and 2011
Even after 20 years, thermal power remained the most dominant form There is a need to change the present composition in favour of hydro, nuclear and other bio-produce power to conserve coal for industrial purposes
100,000.0 80,000.0 60,000.0 40,000.0 20,000.0 1991 2011 66,086.3
Source: CMIE, Industry Analysis Service
Road Length
Public-private-multilateral partnerships have been successful in implementing highways programme
NHAI to award 7,994 km of highway projects in the FY 2012 Going to generate demand for cement, steel, and bitumen of worth Rs 42,000 crore Though the sectoral performance has improved, yet to be enhanced considerably to ensure optimal utilization of resources and to avoid overrunning of cost
( 000' Km)
Road Length
4,500.0 4,000.0 3,500.0 3,000.0 2,500.0 2,000.0 1,500.0 1,000.0 500.0 1991 2,327.4
4,236.4
Free Powerpoint Templates Source: Ministry of Road, Transport and Highways
2008
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Steel and Telecom

Finished Steel Production Finished Steel Production 70,000.0 60,000.0
(000' Tonnes)
Steel production has surged nearly five fold in last 20 years India fourth largest steel producer in the world and is expected to become the second largest producer by 2013
Steel production capacity to touch 120 Million Tonnes by 2013 and over 150 Million Tonnes by 2020
66,013.0
50,000.0 40,000.0 30,000.0 20,000.0 10,000.0 1991 2011 13,566.0
Source: CMIE, Industry Analysis Service
Telecom Subscriber Base Telecom 900.0 826.9
(Millions)
Private sector participation has lead to sharp reduction in tariffs and rapid increase in penetration of basic/mobile telephones
Registering a CAGR of 29.0% during 1991 and 2011 Teledensity improved from 0.6 (per 100 person) in 1991 to 66.2 twenty years later
800.0 700.0 600.0 500.0 400.0 300.0 200.0 100.0 0.0 1991 2011 5.1
Source: Department of Telecommunications, Ministry of Communications and Information Technology
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Challenges
High inflation level above comfortable zone 9.4% in June 2011 Industrial slow down IIP has grown by 5.6% in May 2011 as compared to 8.5% in May 2010 Falling investment - 30.8% in 2010 to 29.5% in 2011 High interest rates have impacted credit to MSMEs in manufacturing sector as well as key industries Non food credit growth to MSMEs declined from 21.1% in April, 2010 to 20.6% in April,
2011
Inadequate infrastructure continues to be a major structural bottleneck Shrink in FDI inflows due to structural bottlenecks In 2010-11, FDI inflows shrunk by 28% to
US$ 27 billion from a level of US$ 38 billion in 2009-10
Weak enforcement and monitoring Likely overshooting of fiscal deficit Though fiscal deficit is budgeted at 4.6% for FY 2012,
however, developments in recent months like deceleration in growth, high crude oil prices, high subsidy and rising interest rates are casting doubts
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Agenda for further reforms

Investment Climate:
FDI in sectors such as retail, insurance, defence, etc needs to be expanded drastically Rapid clearance of large projects
Financial Sector Reforms:

Liberalize financing guidelines Facilitate increased access to international debt markets Encourage development of the corporate debt market
Agriculture Sector Reforms:

Allow FDI in food retailing to integrate distorted supply chain Encouragement to PPP model in strengthening agriculture research and extension programmes Exempting horticulture produce from APMC Act Move towards unified national market and allow free movement of produce
Infrastructure:
For greater investment in infrastructure policy framework needs to be made more friendly
Social Sector:
Much better delivery of government services to the poor with the support of state governments
CII has been a strong partner to government during the reforms period and will continue to build the partnership of Government and industry to make India a Free Powerpoint Templates Page 36 developed nation in the next two decades
Privatisation
Privatisation means endorsing / assigning the ownership of a public property/business to a private party.
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Uses
1)Development would be faster(due to competition with the other private parties) 2)Innovative solutions (due to again competition with the other private parties) 3)effective & time bound results 4)cost cuttings 5)improves quality in work 6)in turn more services to public are possible 7)increase the productivity 8)significant Growth in the business 9)controlled monitoring of public property gives public in turn good services
The benefits of privatization include: -better quality products -lower priced products -more efficient firms which have lower costs -makes costs lower for other firms who use the product the privatized firm produces -this increases employment and incomes across the economy -Government no longer needs to subsidize product -Government makes revenue from asset sale to spend on health, education etc -Promotes technological advancement, again creating jobs and growing incomes
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Possible Losses
1)always a threat to working staff. 2)as private parties try to extract work from minimum resources, down sizing is the common problem 3)un-employment increases 4)if the private party is inefficient, there is every possibility of the business winding up. 5)more restrictions on many things 6)purely commercial in nature and lacks ethical / human morale at times.
Page 40
Thank You
Page 41

5 Liberalisation

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LIBERALISATION

Free Powerpoint Templates

Free Powerpoint Templates

Free Powerpoint Templates

Free Powerpoint Templates

Free Powerpoint Templates

The list of industries in which industrial Licensing is compulsory:

Free Powerpoint Templates

The various dimensions of financial liberalization are:

Free Powerpoint Templates

Industrial Policy 1991

Free Powerpoint Templates

Main features of industrial policy of 1991 and liberalisation

Economic Liberalization in India

Free Powerpoint Templates

Free Powerpoint Templates

Free Powerpoint Templates

Robust GDP Growth

9.3% 6.8% 8.0%

Y-O-Y Growth (%)

5.7% 6.4% 7.3%

10.0% 8.0% 6.0% 4.0%

(Rs. 000' Crore)

3000.0 2000.0 1000.0 0.0

4.4% 5.8% 3.8%

1994 1995 1996

2001 2002 2003

2008 2009 2010

GDP Growth Rate

Per Capita Income

Y-O-Y Growth (%)

Structural Change in GDP Composition

2011 42.7% Services, 57.7% 1991

Industry, 25.7% 23.2%

Free Powerpoint Templates

Savings and Investment (as % of GDP)

40.0% 35.0% 30.0% 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0%

Free Powerpoint Templates

Merchandise and Service Trade

250.0 200.0 150.0 100.0 50.0 0.0

Free Powerpoint Templates

180.0% 160.0% 140.0%

25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0

80.0% 60.0% 40.0% 20.0% 0.0%

As % of Total foreign Investment Inflow s

Free Powerpoint Templates

Free Powerpoint Templates

Move Towards Inclusive Growth

Some flagship schemes

Free Powerpoint Templates

CIIs Initiative on Socio Responsibilities

Free Powerpoint Templates

82.1% 64.1% 39.3% 65.5%

30.0% 25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0% 5.0% 0.0% Total

Rural 1991 2005

Source: Planning Commission Free Powerpoint Templates

Major Plans for Infrastructure Development

Roads/ Highways Ports

Modernize 4 metro and 35 non-metro airports; 10 greenfield airports

Add 78,577 MW; access to all rural households

Free Powerpoint Templates

Power and Road

Installed Capacity in Power Sector: All India