Chapter 11 Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Alkanes

11.5 Functional Groups

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Elements in Organic Compounds

In organic molecules, C atoms form bonds mostly with H and other C atoms sometimes with atoms of O, S, N, P, and halogens F, Cl, and Br

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Functional Groups
Functional groups are a characteristic feature of organic molecules that behave in a predictable way are composed of an atom or group of atoms are groups that replace a H in the corresponding alkane provide a way to classify families of organic compounds

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Some Functional Groups

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Alkenes and Alkynes

Alkenes contain a double bond between adjacent carbon atoms.

Alkynes contain a triple bond.

Aromatic compounds contain a benzene ring.

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 5

Alcohols and Ethers

An alcohol contains the hydroxyl (OH) functional group.

In an ether, an oxygen atom is bonded to two carbon atoms (COC).

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Thiols
In a thiol, the functional group SH is bonded to a carbon atom.

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Aldehydes and Ketones

An aldehyde contains a carbonyl group (C=O), which is a carbon atom with a double bond to an oxygen atom, attached to at least one hydrogen. In a ketone, the carbon of the carbonyl group is attached to two other carbon atoms.

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Carboxylic Acids and Esters

Carboxylic acids contain the carboxyl group, which is a carbonyl group attached to a hydroxyl group.

An ester contains the carboxyl group between carbon atoms.

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Amines and Amides

In an amine, the functional group is a nitrogen atom.

In an amide, the hydroxyl group of a carboxylic acid is replaced by a nitrogen group.

10 General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Learning Check
Classify each of the following as alcohol, ether, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, or amine.

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

11

Solution
Classify each of the following as alcohol, ether, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, or amine.

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

12