END OF CHAPTER 7 (Induction Motors)

NEXT

CHAPTER 10 (Page#633) Single-Phase and Special-Purpose Motors

Split Phase or Resistance Start Single Phase Induction Motor

Not self starting. Single phase winding produces alternating flux along one space axis only not revolving. Stator windings are similar to three phase except wound for single phase. Rotor construction is similar to the squirrel cage motor rotor.

Almost constant speed (like 3-phase induction motor)

How to make it self-starting Single phase stator winding is temporary (permanent ) converted into two phase for starting. Starting (or auxiliary) winding is placed in parallel (900 degree electrical apart) with the stator (or main) windings. This produces 900 phase difference between the two (Is & Im) currents, as a result revolving flux is produced. Centrifugal switch automatically disconnect the starting windings at 70 to 80 % of the rated speed.

Xm.>>Xs

Hence Im lags Is and applied Voltage (V)

V T Is 200%

I Im 80% Spee d

Rm.<<Rs in other words voltage (V) leads Im and Is. angle between Im and Is and is called split or torque angle: Motor starting torque is proportional to sin . In split phase motor is approximately 300. angle between the supply voltage (V) and the supply current (I), and is called the power factor angle. Cos is called the power factor. Note: Direction of rotor rotation can be reversed by reversing the Xs

IS XS

Im Xm

RS

Rm V

I Is

Is Lags Voltage (V)

Xm.>>Xs Rm<<Rs Im lags Is and Voltage (V)

Im

200%

Speed 80%

I Line
WAPDA 1-Phase 220 Volts 50 Hz

Is
Xs

Im Xm

Rs

Rm

Centrifugal switch Transformer Secondary Neutral

Xm.>>Xs
Rm.<<Rs

Hence Im lags Is and applied Voltage (V)

in other words voltage (V) leads Im and Is.

Shaded-Pole construction. construction numbers of polarity.

Single Induction Motor Self-starting due to its Manufactured in rating of horse power. Rotor is similar to the cage motor. Stator has even salient poles connected in series for alternate

Shading pole

A.C Supply

Main Field N Rotor

Universal Motor Operated on both on single phase ac and dc at same speed and output. In construction it is exactly like dc series motor. It has high starting torque ( T I2 ) and variable speed. They are run on load, without load the speed is very high. Application Vacuum cleaner, mixers, drill machines, sewing machines, automobile starters to crank engine. Construction Armature, Field windings, carbon brushes, commutator.

http://www.radioelectronicschool.net/files/downloads/relay.gif

Relay

 Accelerometers are one of the latest application of MEMS technologies. The most successful MEMS accelerometers are based on capacitive effects.

Tacho Meter (DC Generator)

Stepper Motors

Operation principle of stepper motor: There are many kind of stepper motors. Unipolar type, Bipolar type, Singlephase type, Multi-phase type... Single-phase stepper motor is often used for quartz watch. On this page, I will explain the operation principle of the 2-phase unipolar PM type stepper motor. In the PM type stepper motor, a permanent magnet is used for rotor and coils are put on stator. The stepper motor model which has 4-poles is shown in the figure on the left. In case of this motor, step angle of the rotor is 90 degrees.

As for four poles, the top and the bottom and either side are a pair. coil, coil and coil, coil correspond respectively. For example, coil and coil are put to the upper and lower pole. coil and coil are rolled up for the direction of the pole to become opposite when applying an electric current to the coil and applying an electric current to the coil. It is similar about and, too. The turn of the motor is controlled by the electric current which pours into , , and . The rotor rotational speed and the direction of the turn can be controlled by this control.

Unipolar Motors
This attracts the rotor into the position shown. If the power to winding 1 is removed and winding 2 is energized, the rotor will turn 30 degrees, or one step. To rotate the motor continuously, we just apply power to the two windings in sequence. Assuming positive logic, where a 1 means turning on the current through a motor winding, the following two control sequences will spin the motor illustrated in the figure.

Animation of Unipolar

Unipolar Half Step

Stepper Motors

http://sciences-physiques.ac-dijon.fr/documents/MPI/SortiesLogiques/MoteurPasAPas/Moteur3.htm

SWITCHED RELUCTANCE MOTOR A four-phase 8/6 switched-reluctance motor is shown in cross section. In order to produce continuous shaft rotation, each of the four stator phases is energized and then de-energized in succession at specific positions of the rotor as illustrated.

Irfan :This is another concept of wind energy, generator fitted with balloon in the air, its only for you information : Read from next slide about this SEE ANIMATION: with slide show