Field Energy in

GEM Field Theory

W. J. Wilson

Department of Engineering and Physics
University of Central Oklahoma
Edmond, OK 73034

OAS Fall 2007 Technical Meeting 2/10
Outline
I. The Field Energy Problem of GR
II. Linearized GR GEM Theory
III. Analogy of GEM with Maxwell EM Theory
IV. Gravitational Field Energy in GEM Theory
V. Gravitational Radiation in GEM Theory
VI. Stability of Gravitational Bound States in GEM
VII. Conclusions
OAS Fall 2007 Technical Meeting 3/10
The Field Energy Problem of GR
There is no well-defined gravitational field energy in
General Relativity (L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz,
The Classical Theory of Fields, Sec. 96)
Standard methods to obtain the energy-momentum
tensor in GR do not work. They yield a pseudo-tensor
that is not unique.
Usually asserted on the basis of the principle of
equivalence that the gravitational energy cannot be
localized. (C. W. Misner, K. S. Thorne and J. A.
Wheeler, Gravitation)
OAS Fall 2007 Technical Meeting 4/10
Linearized GR GEM Theory
4
1 4
2
G
R g R T
c
v v v
t
=
0 V =
1
c t
c
V =
c

g
4 1
m
G
c c t
t c
V = +
c
g
v
4
m
G V = t g
For
weak
fields
0
du
u u
ds

o |
o|
+ I =
with m m
c
| |
= = +
|
\ .
v
F a F g
See
Bahram Mashhoon,
Gravitoelectromagnetism: A Brief
Review, arXiv:gr-qc/0311030, 8 Nov
2003
And references therein.
R
o o
v vo v o
o | o |
| vo v| o
= c I c I
+ I I I I
For
weak
fields
Gravitoelectromagnetic Theory (GEM)
General Relativity (GR)
OAS Fall 2007 Technical Meeting 5/10
4
e
V = t E
Maxwell EM Theory GEM Theory
q
c
| |
= +
|
\ .
v
F E B
0 V = B
4 1
e e
c c t
t c
V = +
c
E
B v
t
c
V =
c
B
E
( )
m = + F g v
4 1
m m
G
c c t
t c
V = +
c
g
v
1
c t
c
V =
c

g
0 V =
4
m
G V = t g
Negative
Sign
Negative
Sign
( )
2 2
1
8
e
G
= +
t
g W
4
g
c
G
=
t
S g
OAS Fall 2007 Technical Meeting 6/10
0
e
e
t
c
V + =
c
S
W
Maxwell EM Theory Energy Flow GEM Theory Energy Flow
( )
2 2
1
8
e
= +
t
E B W
4
e
c
=
t
S E B
Negative
Sign
Negative
Sign
0
g
g
t
c
V + =
c
S
W

( )
2 2
1
8
e
G
= +
t
g W
4
g
c
G
=
t
S g
OAS Fall 2007 Technical Meeting 7/10
k
g

A graviton carries negative energy in the +k direction

Equivalent to positive energy going in the k direction
+
Energy Flow in GEM Wave
OAS Fall 2007 Technical Meeting 8/10
2
2
3
2
3
q
P a
c
=
EM- Radiation from
Accelerating Charge
Gravitational Radiation
from Accelerating Mass
Negative
Sign
2
2
3
2
3
Gm
P a
c
=
Accelerating charge emits
radiation that carries positive
energy away. Emitting system
loses energy.
Accelerating mass emits radiation
that carries negative energy away.
Emitting system gains energy.
OAS Fall 2007 Technical Meeting 9/10
m
v
AE = - |AE|
M
R
r
R
Energy
1
2
m
GMm
E
r
=
R
E
m
+ |AE|
E
m

E
m
E
m
+ AE
E
m
= E
m
+ AE
E
m
= E
m
AE = E
m
+ |AE|
E
m
> E
m
Stability of Gravitational
Bound States
OAS Fall 2007 Technical Meeting 10/10
Conclusions
Gravitational Radiation carries negative
energy away from radiating (accelerating)
sources
All gravitational bound states are slowly
expanding
Possible physical explanation of Hubble
expansion of the Universe