Aircraft Structures And Flight Controls

Aircraft Structures
Truss-type Structures Had struts and wire-braced wings Occupants sat in open cockpits Cockpits fabric-covered Stressed-skin Structures

All of the structural loads are carried by the skin. Thin wood skin Or aluminum-alloy sheets

Aircraft Structures
Monocoque Virtually no internal framework

Semi-monocoque
Internal arrangement of formers and stringers is used to provide additional rigidity and strength to the skin.

Semi-monocoque

Airframe Units:
Fuselage Wings

Stabilizers
Flight control surfaces Landing gear

Airframe Units:
Horizontal Stabilizer Vertical Stabilizer

Rudder

Elevator

Cowling Flap Aileron

Structural Loads/Stress
Five Types Of Stress Tension Compression Bending force Torsion Shear force

Structural Loads/Stress

Structural Loads/Stress
Deformation Nonpermanent Deformation Deformation disappears when the load is removed. Permanent Deformation Wrinkles observed on top of wing and bottom of horizontal stabilizer. Stretch marks on the bottom of the wing or top o the stabilizer. (positive gs)

Materials For Aircraft Construction

Wood Aluminum Alloys

Honeycomb
Magnesium Stainless Steel

Materials For Aircraft Construction

Structures

Structures
Wing Construction Truss-type

Structures
Stressed-skin Wing Construction

Cantilever Wing

Control Surface Construction

Control Surface Construction

Control Surface Flutter Control Surface must be mass balanced so that their center of gravity does not fall behind their hinge line.

Fuselage Construction
Truss Fuselage construction Pratt truss Warren truss Stressed-skin Structure Monocoque Semi - Monocoque Pressurized Structure

Flight Controls

Flight Controls

Pitch Control
Elevators Sole function is to change the angle of attack of the airplane, which alters its speed, lift and drag.

Pitch Control

Pitch Control
Stabilator All-movable tail Anti-servo tab Ruddervators Provides both longitudinal and directional stabilization and control.

Lateral Or Roll Control

Ailerons Rolling action produced is the primary method of lateral control on most aircraft.

Lateral Or Roll Control

Directional Control
Adverse aileron yaw The aileron that moves downward creates lift and induced drag. Induced drag pulls the nose of the airplane around in the direction opposite the way the airplane should turn.

Directional Control
Rudder Rotates the airplane about its vertical axis (Yawing) Also provides a form of roll control because the application of rudder causes yaw which will induce a roll.

Directional Control

Trim Controls

Trim Controls
Trim Tabs Balance Tab Anti-Servo Tab Servo Tab

Spring Tab
Adjustable Stabilizer

Trim Tabs

Balance Tab

Anti-Servo Tab

Servo Tab
Used on large aircraft when the control forces are too great for the pilot to manually move. Flight control column moves the tab on the control surface and this aerodynamically moves the main control surface.

Adjustable Stabilizer

Fixed Trim Tab

Aerodynamically Balanced Control Surface

Overhang deflects to the opposite side of the fuselage from the main rudder surface to produce an aerodynamic force that aids the pilot.

Stall Strip and Vortex Generators

Auxiliary Lift Devices

Flaps
Change the camber of the wing and increase both its lift and drag for and given angle of attack Moved by cables form an electric motor driven jackscrew.

Flaps

Leading Edge Devices

Delays the the airflow separation caused by a stall to a higher angle of attack. Increases the energy of the air flowing over the surface.

Fixed Slot

Movable Slat