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Choose a financing mix that maximizes the value of the firm and matches the assets being financed.
If there are not enough investments that earn the hurdle rate, return the cash to the owners of the firm. The form of returns - dividends and stock buybacks - will depend on the stockholders characteristics.
The basic characteristic of capital budgeting (also referred to as capital expenditure) is that it involves a current outlay of funds in the hope of receiving a stream of benefits in future.
They have long term consequences. It is difficult to reverse capital budgeting decisions.
CAPITAL
BUDGETING
PROCESS
Identification of potential investment opportunities. Assembling of investment proposals. Decision Making Preparation of Capital Budgeting and appropriations Implementation Performance Review
INVESTMENT CRITERIA
Why is an MBA student who has learned about DCF like a baby with a hammer?
Comparison
ARR Payback NPV IRR
Too inflexible,
Good Balance
Good Balance
Not necessarily
Yes, if no constraint
Yes
Consider all Incidental effects. - Contingent Costs -Cannibalisation -Revenue Enhancement Ignore Sunk costs Allocation of overheads
We assumed that all revenues and expenses are in cash. -- Changes in Accounts Receivable: Increase ( or decrease) in receivable should be subtracted from ( or added to) revenues for computing actual cash receipts . -- Increase ( or decrease ) in inventory should be added to expense for computing cash flows -- Increase ( or decrease) in accounts payable should be subtracted from ( or added to) expenses for computing cash flows. NCF = PAT + DEP - NWC --NWC is released at the termination of the project.
COMPLEX DECISIONS
Annual Equivalent Value Method Assume that each machinery is replaced in the last year of life with an identical asset. Calculate the AEV by using the formula, AEV = NPV / Annuity Factor Investment Timing and Duration Undertake the project at that point of time which maximises NPV. AEV can be used to find
BCR may be used for Capital Rationing Multi Prd. Constraints and Indivisibility
REAL OPTIONS
Opportunities to respond to changing circumstances are called managerial options. They may be called as strategic options. They may be called as real options as they differentiated from financial options.
IDENTIFICATION OF OPTIONS
Investment Timing Option Can be used when demand is uncertain, Interest rates are volatile Most valuable to firms with proprietary technology, patents, licenses or other barriers to entry. Growth Options Allows a company to increase its capacity if market conditions are better, Increase the capacity, expand or diversify or introduce new products. Abandonment Options Option to reduce capacity or temporarily suspend operations. Such options are common in mining oil and timber. Flexibility Options: Permit the firm to alter operations depending on how conditions change during the life of project.