Definition

Callus culture is useful for many purposes. Callus is the starting material for the suspension culture which cells are separated. It helps in the production of secondary growth It is the starting materials for vegetative propagation of plants

The method of culturing mature and immature embryos in media is called embryo culture. By this method, it is possible to produce plants from dormant seeds and seeds with metabolites that inhibit germination. USE OF EMBRYO CULTURE: 1:It is very important in crop improvement programs. In addition to root, shoot, and pollen culture, embryo culture has also been done for the production of haploid plants. 2: Embryo culture is useful where embryo fails to develop due to degeneration of embryonic tissues.

: Pollen or microspore culture is an in vitro technique by which the pollen grains, preferably at the uninucleated stage, are squeezed out aseptically from the intact anther and then cultured on nutrient medium where the microscope, without producing male gametes, develop into haploid embryoids or callus tissues that give rise to haploid plantlets by embryogenesis or organogenesis.

Ovule culture is an elegant experimental system by which ovules are aseptically isolated from the ovary and are grown aseptically on chemically defined nutrient medium under controlled conditions.

Anther Culture:
When the pollen/anthers of the correct stage are collected and grown on suitable media, it is called as anther culture. It is used to produce haploid plants. Production of Plants by means of Anther Culture. 1.Pollen on media 2.Callus formation 3.Shoot initiation 4.Root initiation 5.Whole plant. Two Stages in Anther /Pollen Culture: The culturing of pollen consists of two stages namely direct and indirect culturing methods. In the direct method, the pollen by themselves produce the plant directly from the medium. In the indirect method, the pollen produces a callus from which haploid plants are produced. Diploid plants are produced from the pollen sacs in a short period of time because the tips of these plants are always pathogen free.

Shoot Tip Culture:

The meristem tip of a plant is more efficient in creating a whole plant than its tissues from the stem. This idea is made use of in the shoot tip culture. Methods of Producing Plants from Shoot Tip Culture. 1.Shoot tip in the medium 2.Shoot callus 3.Growth of stem 4.Root initiation 5.Hardening 6.Whole plant.

Shoot tip culture is used extensively to propagate clones of ornamental plants. This method is used to produce plants free from pathogens, for meristems do not support the growth of viral . Hence the plants produced by this method can be stored pathogen free for a longer period.

Protoplast Culture:
The removal of cell membrane from a cell produces a protoplast. USE: Protoplasts are used to produce variations in the morphology of leaves and flowers, ability/potential of the growth of the embryo, and enhancement of disease resistance in plants.

Embryo Rescue is one of the earliest and successful forms of in-vitro culture techniques that is used to assist in the development of plant embryos that might not survive to become viable plants.

Applications Breeding of incompatible interspecific and intergeneric species Overcoming seed dormancy Determination of seed viability

CULTURE

USE

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