Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Definition / Meaning
A Research Design is the arrangement of conditions for corrections and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure.
Advantages
Time Saving Direction Schedule Resources Planning Procurement Better documentation Satisfaction
Steps
The Problem Objective of the study Nature of Study Sources of Data Techniques of Data Collection Social Cultural Context Geographical Limit Basis of Selection Limitations and Scope of Study
Contents
Research Study
About what subject it is? Reason for this selection Scope for this study Objective of this study
Hypothesis
What is to be tested?
Data Collection
What kind? What different series? What methods of collection? What tools for collection
Data Analysis
Choice of techniques for analysis Methods of analysis Results of analysis and conclusions
Report Writing
Stress on domain of validity Reference period Reference and Significance of Study Identifying areas for further research Bibliography
Data consists of facts, figures, any relevant material that serves for basic study and analysis. Without data, no question can be answered. It is a base for analysis. Information: Analysis of data
Data Sources
Primary Sources
Observation Interview Mailed Questionnaire
Secondary Sources
Internal Source Private Documents
Bibliography Camera Directories Encyclopedias Films
Indexes Journals Magazines News Papers Public Speeches Radio TV Tape recorder Use of Mechanical Devices Year Books
Secondary Data
Advantages
Most economic Available Quickly Widens Database Verification of findings Not meet the needs Unreliable data Inaccurate data Obsolete data Limited data
Disadvantages
Type of Information needed Nature of Research study Unit of Enquiry Education Skilled and Trained Persons Sample Size
Advantages
Sr. No. 1 Personal Interview with Questionnaire Most flexible method of obtaining data Identity of Respondent known Very Low/non response Supervision and Control Possible Mailed Questionnaire Wider and more representative coverage possible at the same cost No field Staff is required Cost per questionnaire relatively low No bias for interviewers Respondents can answer question directly. Telephone Interview Wider and more representative coverage possible at the same cost. No field Staff is required Cost of response low Quick way of obtaining data
2 3 4 5
Disadvantages
Sr. No. 1 Personal Interview with Questionnaire Most expensive method of data collection Mailed Questionnaire Average number of non response Telephone Interview Non telephone owners and those with unlisted numbers cannot be reached Interview period is short Questions which require probing cannot be asked.
2 3 4
Considerable supervision necessary Bias of the investigators present in the responses Assumes that the respondent is educated
2
3 4 5 6 7 8
Inadequate
Inadequate Restricted Ample Ample Ample Ample
Restricted Few Items Restricted Much Information Ample Ample Few Items Much Information
X X X X X X X X
X X X X
Sampling Population Universe Sampling Method Sample Continuous Variable Discrete Variable Census Survey Sample Survey
Sampling Technique
Characteristics
Economy Intensive and elaborate study Reliability Scientific Nature Suitability Size of the Sample Homogeneity of the Sample Representativeness of the sample. Similar Sample
Reliability
Importance of Sampling
Concentrated study of selected items Representatives units studied Large Area Scrutiny of available information Sufficiency of results Collecting of the information
Advantages
Accuracy Administrative Suitability Advantage over Census Less Cost Saving in Time Chances for bias Difficulty of accuracy Difficulty of obtaining a representative sample Lack of trained manpower Non-availability of informants Possibility for error in sampling Inadequacy of samples
Disadvantages
Sampling Frame Perfect Frame Incomplete Frame Inaccurate Frame Inadequate Frame
Methods of sampling
Probability Sampling
Simple Random Sampling Stratified Random Sampling Systematic Random Sampling Multi-Stage Sapling Cluster Sampling
No n-Probability Sampling
Convenience Sampling Purposive Sapling (or judgment) Quota Sampling
Sampling Design
Type of Population Sampling Unit Type of Sample
Sample Size
Observation
Features of Observation
Eye Observation Aim Planning Recording Physical and mental Activity Purposive and Selective Exactness Cause and Effect relationships Direct Study
Types of Observation
Direct Observation Indirect Observation Participant Observation Non Participant Observation Structured Observation Unstructured Observation
Advantages
Direct means of data collection e.g., Human Behavior More accurate and reliable Less bias involved than questioning Can be done continuously to increase reliability and accuracy
Disadvantages
Not useful all the time especially to study the past problem. Opinions and attitudes cannot be studied by observations. Time involved is more Difference between observer and event to occur. Sampling theory gets ruled out.
Objectives
To exchange ideas and experience To elicit (collect) information.
Types of Interview
Formality
Formal Informal
Number
Personal Group
Purpose
Diagnostic Treatment Research Fulfill Curiosity
Period of Contact
Short Contact Prolonged Contact
Subject Matter
Qualitative Quantitative Mixed
Role
Non-directive/free/Unstructured Focused Repeated
Problems in Interview
Inadequate Response Non Response Interviewers bias
Advantages
More Appropriate Technique Easy to avoid misinterpretations High percentage of returns Yield Perfect sample Information secured is more accurate Greater number of returns
Disadvantages
Involves high cost Involves huge time High degree of skill
Purpose
To collect information from the respondents who are scattered in a vast area To achieve success in collecting reliable and dependable data
Types
Structured/Standardized Non-Structured Open Ended Close-Ended Mixed Questionnaire Pictorial Questionnaire
Advantages
Less Skill and training Economical Standardization Anonymity Less Pressure
Disadvantages
Limited Response Low Returns Lack of Checking on replies Limited Success Limited Flexibility Lac of Personal Contact Possibility of Wrong Answers Illegibility
Thank YOU