INTRODUCTION TO METABOLISM

DR. NURAIZA MEUTIA, M.BIOMED DR. EKA ROINA MEGAWATI, M.KES

DEPT. FISIOLOGI ,2012 FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN USU

Metabolism
Metabolism : all chemical reactions necessary to

maintain life
Anabolic

reactions : synthesis of larger molecules from smaller ones reactions : hydrolysis of complex structures into simpler ones

Catabolic

The nutrient pool is the source of the substrates for both catabolism and anabolism.

 Cellular respiration : food fuels are broken down

within cells and some of the energy is captured to produce ATP

Enzymes shift the high-energy phosphate groups of

ATP to other molecules

These phosphorylated molecules are activated to

perform cellular functions

ATP functions : energy currency in metabolism

Stages of Metabolism
1. Digestion : breakdown of food; nutrients are transported to tissues 2. Anabolism and formation of catabolic intermediates where nutrients are: Built into lipids, proteins, and glycogen Broken down by catabolic pathways to pyruvic acid and acetyl CoA 3. Oxidative breakdown : nutrients are catabolized to carbon dioxide, water, and ATP

Stages of Metabolism

Metabolic Interactions
From a metabolic standpoint, the body is consider as

5 components :

The liver Adipose tissue Skeletal muscle Neural tissue Other peripheral tissue

The 5 components shows different patterns of metabolic activity during 24-h period

The Absorptive and Postabsorptive States

Metabolic controls equalize blood concentrations of nutrients between two states :
Absorptive The time during and shortly after nutrient intake
Postabsorptive The time when the GI tract is empty Energy sources are supplied by the breakdown of body reserves

Absorptive State

The major metabolic thrust is anabolism and

energy storage Dietary glucose is the major energy fuel Excess amino acids are deaminated and used for energy or stored as fat in the liver

Absorptive State

Principal Pathways of the Absorptive State

Postabsorptive State
The major metabolic thrust is catabolism and

replacement of fuels in the blood

Glucose is provided by glycogenolysis and

gluconeogenesis

Fatty acids and ketones are the major energy fuels

Amino acids are converted to glucose in the liver

Postabsorptive State

Principle Pathways in the Postabsorptive State

Fasted State or Post-Absorptive Metabolism: Catabolic

Regulation of Reversible pathways

DOMINATION OF INSULIN & GLUCAGON IN METABOLIC INTERACTION

Regulation by other hormones

Absorptive State

Postabsorptive state

Insulin Growth Hormones Androgens Estrogens

Glucagon Epinephrine Glucocorticoids

Referensi : Guyton & Hall. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 11th ed. Elsevier Saunders.2006. pp 865-888. Marieb EN. Human Anatomy and Physiology. 6th Ed. Pearson Educ.2004. chapter 24Nutrition,Metabolism and Body Temp.Regulation. Martini FH. Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology, 6th Ed. Pearson Educ.2004. chapter 25Metabolism and Energetic. Silverthorn DU. Human Physiology an Integrated Approach. 3rd Ed. Pearson Educ.2004. chapter 22-Metabolism and Energy Balance.