X.

25 Protocol

The X.25 Protocol CCITT Recommendation X.25

First Published in 1976 Revisions Every 4 Years -- 1980, 1984, 1988 Interface Protocol for Packet Switched Networks Network Providers Intended to Be Telcos

The X.25 Protocol The Model

Network Has Multiple Nodes (DCEs) Host Computers (DTEs) Outside Hosts Have Addresses Like Phone Numbers Virtual Call Setup Virtual Call Clear Data Transfer

DCE
X.25 X.25

DTE

DTE

DCE

Intra-Network Protocol

DCE
X.25

DCE DCE

DTE
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The X.25 Protocol The X.25 Protocol Layers

Layer Name
Network Link Physical

Description
X.25 Packet Level X.25 Frame Level (LAPB) RS232, etc

Flag

LAPB Hdr

Pkt Hdr

Data

CRC

Flag

The X.25 Protocol Physical Layer Sort of

Flag Character (01111110) at Beginning and End Data in between is LAPB Frame Data Passed up to Frame Level Data Transparency 011111010 011111 10

0
Frame Level (LAPB)

Flag

Data

CRC

Flag

The X.25 Protocol Frame Level LAPB

Frame Level Header Has Frame Type Sequence and Acknowledgement Numbers Error Recovery Procedures Endpoints Are DTE and Local DCE

Packet Level

LAPB Hdr

Information Field

The X.25 Protocol LAPB Header

Address
N(R) is Ack Nr and Counts Modulo 8
N(S) is Seq Nr and Counts Modulo 8 RR = Receiver Ready RNR = Receiver Not Ready REJ = Reject SABM = Link Setup Req UA = Unnumbered Ack DM = Disconnected Mode FRMR = Frame Reject

Control

N(R) N(R)
DISC

P/F P/F

N(S)
RR RNR REJ

0 1

Information Frame Supervisory Frames

SABM
UA DM FRMR

P/F

Unnumbered Frames

The X.25 Protocol LAPB Link Setup and Disconnect

Local DTE

Local DCE
SABM = Set Asynchronous Balanced Mode UA Acknowledges SABM UA DISC Requests Disconnect UA Acknowledges DISC

SABM

Now in Data Transfer Mode

Exchange on Local Link Only

DISC UA Now in Disconnected Mode

The X.25 Protocol LAPB Data Transfer

Local DTE

Local DCE
I-Frame Contains Packet

I-Frame #1 RR N(R)=2 I-Frame #2 RR N(R)=3

Seq from 0 - 7 and back to 0

RR Gives Next Expected I-Frame I-Frame Can also Acknowledge

I-Frame #3 I-Frame #0 N(R)=4

The X.25 Protocol The X.25 Packet Level

Packet Header Has Packet Type Channel Number Identifies Logical Connection Sequence and Acknowledgement Numbers No Error Recovery -- Data Can Be Lost Addressing across Multi-Node Network

Application Layer

Pkt Hdr

Data

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The X.25 Protocol Packet Level Header

Channel Nr

Pkt Type

P(R)
Channel Nr Selects which Connection P(R) is Ack Nr and Counts Modulo 8 P(S) is Seq Nr and Counts Modulo 8 RR = Receiver Ready RNR = Receiver Not Ready

P(S)
RR RNR

0
1

Data Packet
Acknowledgement Packets

P(R)
Call Req Call Acpt Clr Req Clr Conf Reset Req Reset Conf Intr Req Intr Conf Restart Req Restart Conf

Other Packets

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The X.25 Protocol Call Setup

Local DTE

Local DCE

Remote DCE

Remote DTE

Call Request Locate Remote DCE Incoming Call Internal Protocol Call Accepted

Each Channel is Distinct

Select Unused Channel

Different Channel Numbers on Each End End to End is Virtual Circuit VC = Local Chnl + Network Route + Remote Chnl Internal Network Protocol Not Specified

Call Connected

Call Setup is End to End

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The X.25 Protocol Call Clearing

Local DTE

Local DCE
Remote DCE from Call Setup

Remote DCE

Remote DTE

Clear Request

Each Channel is Distinct

Channels Become Available

End to End is Virtual Circuit Clear Indication Internal Network Protocol Not Specified Clear Confirm Clearing May be End to End or Local Clear Packet Used to Report Procedure Errors

Internal Protocol

Clear Confirm

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The X.25 Protocol Data Transfer w/End to End Ack

Local DTE

Local DCE
Remote DCE from Call Setup

Remote DCE

Remote DTE

Data Packet #1

Each Channel is Distinct

End to End is Virtual Circuit

Data Packet #1 Internal Network Protocol Not Specified Each Data Pkt Has Seq Nr

Internal Protocol RR P(R)=2

Each RR Has Next Expected Seq Nr Example Shows End to End Acknowledgement

RR P(R)=2

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The X.25 Protocol Data Transfer w/Local Ack

Local DTE

Local DCE
Remote DCE from Call Setup

Remote DCE

Remote DTE

Data Packet #1

Each Channel is Distinct

End to End is Virtual Circuit

Data Packet #1 Internal Network Protocol Not Specified Each Data Pkt Has Seq Nr

RR P(R)=2 Internal Protocol

RR P(R)=2

Each RR Has Next Expected Seq Nr Example Shows Local Acknowledgement

Data Packet #2

RR P(R)=3

Data Packet #2 RR P(R)=3

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The X.25 Protocol X.25 Without a Network

Local DTE

Local DTE

Two DTEs Communicating Directly No Intervening Network One DTE Plays the Role of DCE

Data Packet #1

RR P(R)=2

LAPB Ensures Reliability Acknowledgements End to End

Data Packet #2

DTE Addressing Immaterial

RR P(R)=3

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The X.25 Protocol

End of Presentation

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