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Chapter 2 Part II
AMPLITUDE MODULATION
vc (t ) = Ec sin( 2πf c t )
where vc(t) = time-varying voltage for the carrier
Ec = peak carrier amplitude (volts)
fc = carrier frequency (hertz)
[ Ec + Em sin(2πf mt )]
where = amplitude of modulated wave
Em = peak change in the amplitude of the envelope (volts)
fm = frequency of the modulating signal (hertz)
2
AM Voltage Distribution
Em = mEc
[1 + m sin( 2πf mt )]
[ Ec sin( 2πf c t )]
= constant + modulating signal
= unmodulated carrier
vam (t ) = Ec sin( 2πf c t ) + [mEc sin( 2πf m t )][sin(2πf c t )]
mEc mEc
= Ec sin( 2πf ct ) − cos[2π ( f c + f m )t ] + cos[2π ( f c − f m )t ]
2 2
Carrier Signal Upper side freq signal Lower side freq signal
3
AM Voltage Distribution
mEc mEc
Vam = Ec sin( 2πf ct ) − cos[2π ( f c + f m )t ] + cos[2π ( f c − f m )t ]
2 2
Notes from DSBFC eqn, Vam
Amplitude of the carrier Ec is unaffected by the
modulation process
Amplitude of the upper (Eusf) and lower side frequencies
(Elsf )depend on both carrier amplitude, Ec and coefficient
of modulation,m.
4
Example 3
One input to a conventional AM modulator is a 500kHz
carrier with an amplitude of 20Vp. The second input is
a 10kHz modulating signal that is of sufficient
amplitude to cause a change in the output wave of ±
7.5Vp. Determine
a. Upper and lower side frequencies.
b. Modulation coefficient and percent modulation
c. Peak amplitude of the modulated carrier and the upper and
lower side frequency voltages.
d. Maximum and minimum amplitudes of the envelope.
e. Expression for the modulated wave.
f. Draw the output spectrum.
g. Sketch the output envelope.
5
Example 4
If the modulated wave has the equation,
vam (t ) = 150 sin( 2π 250t ) − 60 cos(2π 282t ) + 60 cos(2π 218t )V
find
(a) the carrier freq
(b) the usf and lsf
(c) the modulating signal freq
(d) the peak amplitude of the carrier signal
(e) the upper and lower side signal peak amplitude
(f) the change In peak amplitude of the modulated wave
(g) the coefficient of modulation.
6
AM Power Distribution
The average power dissipated in a load by
unmodulated carrier is equal to the rms carrier
voltage, Ec squared divided by the load resistance, R.
( Ec ( rms ) ) 2 ( Ec 2 )2 Ec 2
Pc = = =
R R 2R
7
AM Power Distribution
The upper and lower sideband powers:
2
(mEc 2) 2 m 2 Ec
Pusb = Plsb = =
2R 8R
where mEc/2 is the peak voltage of usf and lsf.
Then,
m 2 Ec m 2
2
Pusb = Plsb = = Pc
4 2R 4
Note:
Carrier power in the modulated signal is the same in the unmodulated signal i.e
carrier power is unaffected by the modulation process.
The total power in an AM envelope increase with modulation (i.e as m ↑, Pt ↑).
Major disadvantage of AM DSBFC is most of the power is wasted in the carrier.
(It does not contain info, info is contained in the sidebands).
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Efficiency of AM
10
Example
Draw the power spectrum for a given expression
and determine the modulation index and
efficiency. (Assume R=1Ω)
11
Example
Determine the maximum sideband power if the carrier
output is 1 kW and calculate the total maximum
transmitted power.
12
Importa nce of High- percent age
Modul ati on
m Pc P1SB PSBs PT E
1.0 1kW 250W 500W 1.5kW 0.3
0.5 1kW 62.5W 125W 1.125kW 0.1
Table: Effective transmission at 50% versus 100% modulation
Notes
Even though the total transmitted power has only fallen from 1.5kW to
1.125kW, the effective transmission has only ¼ the strength at 50%
modulation as compared to 100%.
Because of these considerations, most AM transmitter attempts to maintain
between 90 and 95 percent modulation as a compromise between efficiency
and the chance of drifting into overmodulation.
13
Example
A DSBFC AM Signal with a 1kW carrier was modulated to a depth of
60%. How much power is contained in the upper sideband?
m2 0.6 2
Given Pc = 1kW then, Pusb = Plsb =
4
Pc =
4
(1k ) = 90W
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Exercise
15
Example 5
For an AM DSBFC wave with a peak unmodulated
carrier voltage Vc = 10Vp, a load resistance RL = 10
Ω, and a modulation coefficient, m = 1, determine
Powers of the carrier and the upper and lower
sidebands.
Total sideband power.
Total power of the modulated wave.
Draw the power spectrum.
Repeat steps (a) to (d) for a modulation index, m = 0.5.
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Example 6
A 1.5MHz carrier signal is modulated with 3.4kHz
modulating signal. The modulated carrier voltage is
28Vmax and 14Vmin across a 100Ω resistive load
impedance. Determine:
17