PCI 6

th
Edition
Building Systems
(Snow + Wind)
Presentation Outline
Building System Loads
Snow
Uniform loading and drifting
Example
Wind
Main lateral wind resisting system
Component example

Structural Systems
Gravity Load Systems
Beams
Columns
Floor Member Double Tees, Hollow Core
Spandrels
Structural Systems
Lateral Load Systems
Shear Walls
Moment Resisting Frames
Cantilever Columns
Braced Frames K Frames
System Loads
Dead Loads
Live Loads
Snow Loads
Roof / Ground
Drifting
Wind Loads
Earthquake
Loads
This session will
place emphasis
on these forces.
Snow Loads
Based on ASCE 7
Different than other live loads due to
transient nature

Load Combinations
U = 1.2D +1.6(L
r
or S or R) + (1.0L or 0.8W)
U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L + 0.5(L
r
or S or R)
U = 1.2D + 1.0E + f
1
L + 0.2S

Snow Loads
Roof Snow Load, p
f
is now based on the
Ground Snow Load, p
g
p
f
= 0.7C
e
C
t
p
g


Where
p
f
= flat roof snow load (psf)
C
e
= exposure factor
C
t
= thermal factor
= importance factor
p
g
= ground snow load (psf)

Snow Loads
Limited by
p
f
p
g
where p
g
20 psf
p
f
20 where p
g
> 20 psf
Exposure Factor, C
e
Page 3-106











The terrain category and roof exposure condition chosen
shall be representative of the anticipated conditions during
the life of the structure. An exposure factor shall be
determined for each roof of a structure.
Thermal Factor, C
t
Page 3-106











These conditions shall be representative of the
anticipated conditions during winters for the life of the
structure.
Drifting Loads
Consideration for Windward and Leeward
Snow Drift Configuration
If h
c
/h
b
0.2, drift loads need not be applied

Otherwise (Example)
Given:
A flat roofed office building 450 ft long has a 50 ft
long, 8 ft high penthouse centered along the
length. The building is located in downtown
Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
Snow Load Example
Problem:
Determine the following
Roof Snow Load. p
f
Drift Load and Location
Solution Steps
Step 1 Calculate the Ground Snow Load
Step 2 Calculate Drift Requirements
Step 3 Calculate Balanced Snow Height
Step 4 Determine if drifting is considered
Step 5 Determine Drift Height
Step 6 Drift Force
Step 1 Roof Snow Load, p
f
Recall - p
f
= 0.7C
e
C
t
I
Where
p
f
= flat roof snow load (psf)
C
e
= exposure factor
C
t
= thermal factor
= importance factor
p
g
= ground snow load (psf)
Step 1 Terrain Category
Assumption
Within the life of the structure, taller
buildings may be built around it
Exposure B
C
e
=1.2

Step 1 Thermal Condition
Office - Heated Structure
C
t
= 1.0
Step 1 Importance factor
For office buildings
= 1.0

From Figure 3.10.1 pg 3-103
Building Category II

Step 1 Determine Ground Snow Load
Downtown Milwaukee, Wisconsin
(pg 3-105 figure 3.10.2)

p
g
= 30 psf
Step 1 - Alternate
Special Case
Study Region







CS Site Specific Case Studies
are required to establish the
ground snow load
Step 1 Roof Snow Load, p
f
p
f
= 0.7C
e
C
t
I p
g


= 0.7(1.2)(1.0)(1.0)(30) = 25.2 psf

Step 2 Calculate Drift Requirements
Balanced snow load height - h
b



=
Step 3 Balanced Snow Height, h
b
h
b
= Roof Snow Load / Unit Weight
= p
f
/
Unit Weight of Snow,
= 0.13p
g
+ 14 30 pcf
= 0.13(30 pcf ) + 14 pcf = 17.9 pcf
17.9 30 pcf
h
b
= p
f
/ = 25.2 psf /17.9 pcf = 1.40 ft



OK
Step 4 Determine if Drifting is Considered
h
c
penthouse height in this case = 8.0 ft
h
c
/h
b
= (8.0 -1.4)/1.4 = 4.7


4.7 > 0.2
Drifting must be considered!

Step 5 Determine Drift Height
Leeward l
u
= 50ft
h
d
~ 2.5ft
Windward l
u
= 200ft
h
d
= 75% (Graph value)

h
d
~ 0.75 ( 4.8) = 3.6ft
Step 6 Drift Force
Drift Width = w = 4h
d

4(3.6ft)=14.4ft

Force = h
d
w
(17.9pcf)(3.6)(14.4) =
464 plf

Location - acts 1/3w from
penthouse wall
1/3(14.4) = 4.8ft

Wind Load
Method Presented

ASCE 7 02
Method 1 Simplified Procedure
Wind Load
Limitations of Simplified Procedure
Height 60 ft or least lateral dimension
Enclosed building (includes parking structures)
Regular shaped
No expansion joints
Fundamental frequency 1 Hz.
Flat or shallow pitched roof
No unusual topography around the building

Wind Load Procedure
Determine
Basic wind speed
Directionality Factor
Exposure
Pressure Zone
Load per unit area
Importance Factor




Determine the Basic Wind Speed
Basic Wind Speed Chart (pg 3-108, 3-109)
Determine the Directionality Factor
The directionality factor is 0.85 for buildings


For additional Factors
Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures,
Revision of ASCE 7-98 (SEI/ASCE 7-02), American Society
of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA, 2003 (Co-sponsored by the
Structural Engineering Institute). includes more detailed
descriptions)


Determine Exposure Category
Applies to upwind direction

Exposure B:
Urban and suburban areas, wooded areas
Exposure D:
Flat, unobstructed areas outside hurricane-prone
regions
Exposure C:
All others

Determine the Pressure Zones

Pressure on Lateral System
where:
p
s
= combined windward and leeward net pressures

30 represents average 30 ft building height
The pressure on Main Wind Force Resisting System (MWFRS)
p
s
= p
s30


Pressure on Lateral System
where:
= building height and exposure coefficient
from
Figure 3.10.6(c)
pg 3-110
The pressure on Main Wind Force Resisting System (MWFRS)
p
s
= p
s30


Pressure on Lateral System
where:
= importance
factor for wind
Figure 3.10.1
The pressure on Main Wind Force Resisting System (MWFRS)
p
s
= p
s30


Pressure on Lateral System
where:
p
s30
= simplified
design wind
pressure from
Figure 3.10.6(a)
pg 3-110

The pressure on Main Wind Force Resisting System (MWFRS)
p
s
= p
s30



Wind Load Force
The force on the MWFRS is then determined by
multiplying the values of p
s30
by their respective zone
areas








Zone A can be at both ends of the structure
Cladding Pressure
Determined from:
p
net
= p
net 30
Where:
p
net
= net design wind pressure on cladding
= building height and exposure coefficient
I = importance factor for wind

Cladding Wind Load Example
Given:
A 114 ft wide by 226 ft long by 54 ft
tall hospital building in Memphis, TN.
Cladding panels are 7 ft tall by 28 ft
long. A 6 ft high window is attached
to the top of the panel, and an 8 ft
high window is attached to the
bottom.
Cladding Wind Load Example
Problem:
Part A
Determine the design wind load on the MWFRS

Part B
Determine the design wind load on the cladding
panels.
Solution Method:
As this is an enclosed building under 60 ft high,
Method 1 may be used.
Suburban Area - Exposure Category B

Part A Solution Steps (MWFRS)
Step 1
MWFRS
Determine Wind Speed
Step 2
MWFRS
Determine Zone Coefficients
Step 3
MWFRS
Calculate Zone Pressure
Step 4
MWFRS
Calculate Zone Area
Step 5
MWFRS
Calculate Zone Force
Step 6
MWFRS
Calculate Force Location
Step 1
MWFRS
Determine Wind Speed
Figure 3.10.5 (page 3-109)
Memphis, TN
90 Mph
Step 2
MWFRS
Zone Coefficient,
Height / Exposure Coefficient
Building Height 54ft, Exposure - B
Figure 3.10.6(c) (pg 3-110)



55 50
1.19 1.16
=
54 50
1.16
= 1.18
Step 2
MWFRS
Zone Coefficient, p
s 30
Pressure Coefficient
From Table 3.10.6(a) (pg 3-110)
Zone A p
s 30
= 12.8 psf
Zone C p
s 30
= 8.5 psf

Step 2
MWFRS
Zone Coefficient, I
Importance Factor
From Table 3.10.1
(page3-103)




= 1.15

Step 3
MWFRS
Calculate Zone Pressures
p
s zone A
= p
s 30 zone A

1.18(1.15)(12.8) = 17.4 psf

p
s zone C
= p
s 30 zone C

1.18(1.15)(8.5) = 11.5 psf

Step 4
MWFRS
Calculate Zone A Dimensions
Length of building 226 ft
Lesser of
0.2(114) = 22.8
Or
0.8(54) = 43.2

A
226
= 22.8 ft
Step 4
MWFRS
Calculate Zone C Dimensions
Length of building 226 ft
C
226
= 226 22.8 = 203.2 ft

Step 5
MWFRS
MWFRS Zone Forces
F
1
= A
226
h p
s Zone A

= 22.8(54)(17.4)/1000 = 21.4 kips
F
2
= C
226
h p
s Zone C

= 203.2(54)(11.5)/1000 = 126.2 kips

Total force
= 21.4 + 126.2
= 147.6 kips
Step 6
MWFRS
MWFRS Forces Location
F
1
= 21.4 kips, F
2
= 126.2 kips
Resultant Location, e
left

e
left
=
F
1

A
226
2
+ F
2

C
226
2
+ A
226
|
\

|
.
|
F
1
+ F
2
e
left
=
21.4
22.8
2
|
\
|
.
+126.2
203.2
2
+ 22.8
|
\
|
.
21.4 +126.2
e
left
= 107.8ft ~ 108ft
or about 5 ft to the left of center
Part B Solution Steps (Cladding)
Step 1
Clad
Determine Wind Speed
Step 2
Clad
Determine Zone Coefficients
Step 3
Clad
Calculate Tributary Area
Step 4
Clad
Calculate Zone Pressure
Step 5
Clad
Calculate Panel Force
Step 6
Clad
Calculate Window Force

From Previous Solution
Step 3
Clad
Calculate the Cladding Tributary Area
Tributary area per panel =
one-half of upper window
+
panel
+
one-half of lower window times the width

(6/2 + 7 + 8/2)(28) = 392 ft
2

Step 4
Clad
Cladding p
net 30
Zone Pressure
Table 3.10.6(b) (page 3-110)
Interpolating panel area between
100 and 500 ft
2
:



392 100
500 100
= 0.73
Step 4
Clad
Cladding p
net 30
Zone Pressure
Inward pressure Zone A
12.4 0.73(12.4 10.9) = 11.3 psf
p
net30
= 1.18(1.15)(11.3) = 15.3 psf
Step 4
Clad
Cladding p
net 30
Zone Pressure
Outward pressure Zone A
15.1 0.73(15.1 12.1) = 12.9 psf
p
net30
= 1.18(1.15)(12.9) = 17.5 psf
Step 4
Clad
Cladding p
net 30
Wind
Force
Panel Size
Height 7 ft
Length 28 ft
Force on panel:
Inward: 7.0(28)(15.3) = 2999 lb
Outward: 7.0(28)(17.5) = 3430 lb

Step 5
Clad
Window Forces
Force on panel from upper window:
Inward: (6.0/2)(28)(15.3) = 1285.2 lb
Outward: (6.0/2)(28)(17.5) = 1470 lb

Step 5
Clad
Window Forces
Force on panel from lower window:
Inward: (8.0/2)(28)(15.3) = 1713.6 lb
Outward: (8.0/2)(28)(17.5)= 1960 lb

Step 6
Clad
Resultant Cladding FDB
Questions?