3G Mobile Communication

3G Vision
Increased data rates
144 kbps for vehicular communication 384 kbps for outdoor pedestrian communication 2 Mbps for indoor communication

Universal global roaming Multimedia (voice, data & video) Increased capacity (more spectrally efficient)
More user/cell

IP architecture

International Standardization
ITU (International Telecommunication Union)
Radio standards and spectrum

IMT-2000
International Mobile Telecommunications 2000 ITUs umbrella name for 3G The aim is to harmonize worldwide 3G systems to provide Global Roaming

3G Partnership Projects
Harmonizing group Focused on evolution of access and core networks 3GPP: 3G standard for TDMA-based System (GSM/GPRS/EDGE) 3GPP2: 3G standard for IS-95 System

International Standardization (contd.)

International Standardization (contd.)

IMT-SC* Single Carrier (UWC-136): EDGE GSM evolution (TDMA); 200 KHz channels; sometimes called 2.75G IMT-MC* Multi Carrier CDMA: CDMA2000 Evolution of IS-95 CDMA, i.e. cdmaOne IMT-DS* Direct Spread CDMA: W-CDMA New from 3GPP; UTRAN FDD IMT-TC** Time Code CDMA New from 3GPP; UTRAN TDD New from China; TD-SCDMA IMT-FT** FDMA/TDMA (DECT legacy)
* Paired spectrum; ** Unpaired spectrum

Migration to 3G
Expected market share
TDMA GSM PDC GPRS EDGE
3GPP Core Network EDGE Evolution

90%
HSDPA

WCDMA

cdmaOne

CDMA2000 1x
First Step into 3G

CDMA2000 1x EV/DV
CDMA2000 1x EV/DO
3G phase 1 Evolved 3G

10%

2G

UMTS
UMTS is the European vision of 3G UMTS is an upgrade from GSM via GPRS or EDGE The standardization work for UMTS is carried out by 3GPP Data rates of UMTS are: 144 kbps for rural 384 kbps for urban outdoor 2048 kbps for indoor and low range outdoor

UMTS
UMTS Band
1900-2025 MHz and 2110-2200 MHz

Terrestrial UMTS (UTRAN)

1900-1980 MHz, 2010-2025 MHz, and 2110-2170 MHz

WCDMA
Spread Spectrum Technique
Direct Spread

Chip Rate
3.84 Mcps (Megachips per second)

Channel Bandwidth
5 MHz Maps to 5 MHz due to pulse shaping and small guard bands between the carriers

Duplex Mode
FDD and TDD

Frame Length
10 ms (38400 chips/sce)

Slot Length
15 Slots per Frame (2560 chips/slot)

WCDMA
Data Modulation
QPSK (downlink) and BPSK (uplink)

Channel Coding
Convolutional code, Turbo code, and no coding

Spreading Factors
4-256 (uplink) and 4-512 (downlink)

Modulation symbol rates

Vary from 960 k symbols/s to 15 k symbols/s (7.5 k symbols/s) for FDD uplink (downlink)

Spreading (downlink)
OVSF sequences for channel separation Gold sequences 218-1 for cell and user separation

Spreading (uplink)
OVSF sequences for channel separation Gold sequences 225-1 for user separation

OVSF
00000000 0000 00001111 00 00110011 0011 00111100 0 0101 01011010 01 01100110 0110 01101001 01010101
1) For fixed chip rate, desired information rate determines length of spreading sequence and therefore processing gain. 2) When a specific code is used, no other code on the path from that code to the root and or on the subtree beneath that code may be used. 3) All the codes at any depth into the tree are the set of Walsh Sequences. 4) Code phase is synchronous with information symbols. 5) FDD UL processing gain between 256 and 4 FDD DL processing gain between 512 and 4 TDD UL/DL processing gain between 16 and 1 6) Multicode used only for SF = 4

Codes in WCDMA
For instance, the relation between downlink physical layer bit rates and codes
Symbol_rate = Chip_rate/SF Bit_rate = Symbol_rate*2 Control channel (DPCCH) overhead User bit rate with coding = Channel_bit_rate/2

Spreading Channel Factor (SF) symbol rate (ksps) 512 7.5 256 15 128 30 64 60 32 120 16 240 8 480 4 960 4, with 3 2880 parallel codes

Channel bit rate (kbps) 15 30 60 120 240 480 960 1920 5760

DPDCH channel bit rate range (kbps) 36 1224 4251 90 210 432 912 1872 5616

Maximum user data rate with rate coding (approx.) 13 kbps Half rate speech 612 kbps 2024 kbpsFull rate speech 45 kbps 105 kbps 144 kbps 215 kbps 384 kbps 456 kbps 936 kbps 2.3 Mbps 2 Mbps

WCDMA vs. GSM

WCDMA vs. IS-95

UMTS Network Architecture

Mobile Station Base Station Subsystem Network Subsystem Other Networks

SIM

ME

BTS

BSC

MSC/ VLR

GMSC PSTN

EIR

HLR

AUC

PLMN

RNS
Node B RNC SGSN GGSN Internet

USIM

ME

SD

UTRAN

Note: Interfaces have been omitted for clarity purposes.

UMTS Network Architecture

Core Network (CN)
To provide switching, routing and Provides the Equipment transit for user traffic User

UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN)

air interface access method for

User Equipment (UE)

Terminals work as air interface counterpart for Node B

UTRAN
WCDMA for UTRAN air interface Base Station is referred to as Node-B and control equipment for Node-Bs is called is called as Radio Network Controller (RNC)
Functions of Node B are
Air Interface Tx/Rx Modulation / Demodulation

Functions of RNC are Radio Resource Control Channel Allocation Power Control Settings Handover Control Ciphering Segmentation and Reassembly

cdmaOne (IS-95)

cdmaOne Evolution to 3G

cdma2000

cdma2000

Cdma2000 1X Network

cdma2000 1X-EVDO

1X-EVDO Network Architecture

CDMA2000

CDMA2000

Upgrade Cost by Technology