1. All Humans are mortal Socrates is human Therefore, Socrates is mortal. 2.

If the President lives in Malacanang, he lives in Manila The President does live in Manila So, the President lives in Malacanang

 Either John was the murderer or Peter was

the murderer If Peter was the murderer, then traces of phosphorus should have been found on the body No traces found on the body.

 3. The murder did not occur in the library

If Adler was the murderer, then the weapon

was a revolver Either Hope was the murderer, or Adler was the murderer If Hope was the murderer, then the murder took place in the library.

 Five percent of students at East Laredo

University are Hispanic Li Fang Wang, owner of Wangs restaurant , is a student at East Laredo State University. Therefore, Li Fang Wang is probably Hispanic.

 Most college students own CD players.

Andy is a college student

So, Andy probably owns a CD player All recent US presidents are college

graduates. Thus, it is likely that the next US president will be a college graduate.

 Two kinds of Argument:

1. Deductive Argument try to show that

their conclusions are rigorous and inescapable logic. It is one in which the conclusion really does follow from the premises. It is in which it is impossible for all the premises to be true and conclusion false.

 Conditions: 1. If the premises are true, the conclusion is

true. The conclusion follows necessarily from the premises The premises provide logically conclusive grounds for the truth of the conclusion The truth of the premises guarantees the truth of the conclusion It is logically inconsistent to assert all the premises as true and deny the conclusion.

 Some valid arguments have false premises

and false conclusion.

All squares are circles All circles are triangles All squares are triangles

 False premises and true conclusion: All fruits are vegetables Spinach is a fruit Spinach is a vegetable

 True premises and true conclusion:

If youre reading this you are alive

You are reading this So, you are alive.

 Common Patterns of Deductive Argument:

1. Hypothetical Syllogism it is a

syllogism that contains at least one hypothetical or conditional. If I want to keep my financial aid, Id better study hard. I do want to keep my financial aid Thus, Id better study hard.

 If A then B.

A
Therefore, B If A then B If B then C

Modus Ponens

Chain Argument

Therefore, if A then C

 If we dont stop for gas soon, then well run

out of gas If we run out of gas, then well be late for the wedding Thus, if we dont stop for gas soon, well be late for the wedding

 If A then B

Not B
Therefore, not A

Modus tollens

If were in MTC, were in Pasay Were not in Pasay

Therefore, we are not in MTC

 If A then B

Not A
Therefore, not B

Denying the Antecedent

If Shakespeare wrote War and Peace, then

hes a great writer Shakespeare didnt write War and Peace Thus, Shakespeare is not a great writer

 If A then B

B
Therefore A

Affirming the Consequent

If were in Neptune, then were in the solar

system We are in the solar system Therefore, we are on Neptune

 Categorical Syllogism

All oak are trees

All trees are plants All oaks are plants

 Argument by Elimination seeks to

logically rule out various possibilities until one single possibility remains
Either Joe walked to the library of he droves Joe didnt drive to the library Joe walked to the library

 Argument by Mathematics- it is a

mathematical calculation
Eight is greater than four Four is greater than two Thus, eight is greater than two

 Argument from Definition: - the conclusion

is true by definition, that is, as following simply by definition from some key word or phrase used in the argument.
Janelle is a cardiologist, thus, she is a doctor. Bertha is an aunt, therefore she is a woman

 2. Inductive Argument simply claim that

their conclusions are probably true.

Every ruby so far discovered has been red. So, probably all rubies are red.

 Conditions:

If the premises are true, the conclusion is

probably true The premises provide probable, but not logically conclusive, grounds for the truth of the conclusion The premise, if true, make the conclusion likely

 Argument from Authority asserts a claim

and then supports that claim by citing some presumed authority or witness who has said that the claim is true. There are bears in these woods. My neighbor Frank said he saw one last week

 Causal Argument asserts or denies that

something is the cause of something else.

I cant log-in, the network must be down. Rashid isnt allergic to peanuts. I saw him

eat a bag of peanuts on the flight from Cebu.

 Statistical Argument rests on statistical

evidence, that is, evidence that some percentage of some group has some particular characteristics. 88% of St. Pauls students are Catholic Bart is a St. Paul student So, Bart is probably a Catholic

 Argument from Analogy is a comparison

of two or more things that are claimed to be alike in some relevant respect.
Habits are like a cable. We weave a strand of

it every day and soon it cannot be broken.