Volume Flow Measurements

Volume Flow Measurements

Obstruction Meters
Obstruction Meters

Orifice Meters

Venturi Meters

Flow Nozzles

Flow through a Nozzle
Flow through a Nozzle
2 2 1 1
2 1
2 2 2 1 1 1
2 1
v A v A
ible incompress
v A v A
Av m
m m

1
1
1
1
v
A
m

2
2
2
2
v
A
m

Basic Equations:
a.) Continuity:
mass in = mass out
b.) Bernoullis Eqn.
Total pressure is
constant throughout

pressure dynamic v
2
1
pressure total P
pressure static P
P P v
2
1
P v
2
1
P v
2
1
. const essure Pr Total P
Bernoulli
2
0
0 2
2
2 2 1
2
1 1
2
0

+ +
+

Flow through a Nozzle
Flow through a Nozzle

,
_

,
_

,
_

P 2
A
A
1
1
YCA Q
Flow al Re For
Ideal
P 2
A
A
1
1
A v A Q
Rate Flow
P 2
A
A
1
1
v
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2 2 2
2
1
2
2
Flow through a Nozzle
Flow through a Nozzle

P 2 1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2 2
2
1 1
2
2 2 2 1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1

1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

when
A
A
v
v
A
A
v
v v P P P
Flow through a Nozzle
Flow through a Nozzle

Y = Compressibility Factor
=1 for incompressible flow
or when P<< P
abs
C= Discharge Coefficient
=f(Re) and
nature of specific flow meter
P
Flow through a Nozzle
Flow through a Nozzle
P

Flow through a Venturi Meter
Flow through a Venturi Meter
In a venturi, 0.95 < C < 0.98
Advantage:
Pressure recovery
Uses little power

Flow through a Venturi Meter
Flow through a Venturi Meter
C
R
e
2 x 10
5

1 1
v d
e
R
0.98
Based upon the conditions in the pipe
approaching the meter

Back to the Nozzle
Back to the Nozzle
P
1
P
2
P
P
1
P
2

Shorter and cheaper than venturi
But larger pressure drop.
Thus, more power lost in operating.
The Nozzle Flowmeter
The Nozzle Flowmeter
C
0.86
0.98
10
3
10
5
R
e

Flow Through an Orifice
Flow Through an Orifice
Meter
Meter

Flow Through an Orifice
Flow Through an Orifice
Meter
Meter
P
1
P
2
P
P1
d
D

Flow Through an Orifice
Flow Through an Orifice
Meter
Meter
-
Cheapest and Simplest
-
But biggest pressure drop and power lost (C~0.6 - 0.7)
-
Side Note:
Pressure drop caused by friction and turbulence of shear
layer downstream of vena contracta
CM
A
A
C
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

,
_

2
1
2
1
1
0.6
0.85
=d/D
0.1 0.8
R
e
100k
5000
10k

Elbow Flowmeter

Laminar
Flowmeter

Pitot-Static Tubes
Pitot-Static Tubes

Rotameter, variable-area-
Rotameter, variable-area-
flowmeter
flowmeter

Force balance

Drag Force

Gravity

Buoyancy

(usually negligible)
cal
use
cal use
m m

Derived on next
slide

D
MgA
D
Mg
A m
D
Mg
V
Mg
V
D F
V A m
2
2
2 2
2
2

For a fixed x-position, A is fixed. Then

cal
use
cal use
cal use
m m
m m

,
_

,
_

Rotameter
Equations

Turbine Flow Meters
Turbine Flow Meters

Vortex meters operate on the principle that when a non-streamlined
object is placed in the middle of a flow stream, vortices are shed
alternately downstream of the object. The frequency of the vortex
shedding is directly proportional to the velocity of the liquid
flowing in the pipeline.

Magnetic flowmeter
Magnetic flowmeter

Based upon Faradays Law
The fluid is the conductor, must be electrically conductive.
E=BDVx10
-8
E=voltage, volts
B=magnetic flux density, gauss
D= length of the conductor, cm
V=velocity of the conductor, cm/sec
Magnetic flowmeter
Magnetic flowmeter

Magnetic Flow
Meter

Coriolis Mass Flow Meter
Coriolis Mass Flow Meter

Coriolis Mass Flow Meter
Coriolis Mass Flow Meter
Vibrating Flow Tube
Fluid Force is Reacting to Vibration
of Flow Tube
End View of Flow Tube
Showing Twist
Twist Angle
Twist Angle
Flow
Force
Flow Force
Flow
Flow

Coriolis Mass Flow Meter
Coriolis Mass Flow Meter

Positive
Displacement
Meters